Complex sentences – Murakkab gaplar. A. Bo’lishsiz mazmundagi ravish so’zlar va birikmalarda inversiya

Complex sentences – Murakkab gaplar.

A. Bo’lishsiz mazmundagi ravish so’zlar va birikmalarda inversiya.

Bu qoidada bo’lishsiz mazmundagi so’zlar va so’z birikmalar gap boshida ishlatiladi va shuning uchun yordamchi va modal fe’llar egadan oldinga chiqadi. Inversiya qoidasi faqatgina bosh gaplarda sodir bo’ladi. Inversiyada gapning ma’nosi kuchayadi va ma’lumotning ahamiyati ortadi. Oddiy gaplarda yordamchi fe’llar bo’lmasligi mumkin, shuning uchun ham oddiy gaplarni inversiyaga aylantirayotsak, mos yordamchi fe’llarni topib egadan oldinga chiqarishimiz shart.

Oddiy gap: People leaving prison seldom stay out of trouble. – Qamoqdan chiqqan odam kamdan kam tashvishsiz yashaydi.

Inversiya: Seldom do people leaving prison stay out of trouble. – Qamoqdan chiqqan odam kamdan kam tashvishsiz yashaydi.

Negative words	Examples
1. Hardly (.......when) – bo’lmagan edi hamki, hali ulgurmagan edi hamki.	Oddiy gap: The new law had hardly been introduced when the mistake was realised. – Yangi ishlab chiqilgan qonun tanishtirilishga ulgurmagan edi hamki xatolik o’tganligi payqab qolindi. Inversiya: Hardly had the new law been introduced when the mistake was realised. – Yangi ishlab chiqilgan qonun tanishtirilishga ulgurmagan edi hamki xatolik o’tganligi payqab qolindi.
2. Scarcely (.......when) – bo’lmagan edi hamki, hali ulgurmagan edi hamki.	Oddiy gap: I had scarcely opened the front door when I heard a noise from the kitchen. – Hali eshikni ochib ulgurmagan edim hamki oshxonadan shovqin eshitildi. Inversiya: Scarcely had I opened the front door when I heard a noise from the kitchen. – Hali eshikni ochib ulgurmagan edim hamki oshxonadan shovqin eshitildi.
3. Barely (.......when) – bo’lmagan edi hamki, hali ulgurmagan edi hamki.	Oddiy gap: We had barely solved one problem when another one arose. – Bir muammoni hal qilib bo’lmagan edik hamki yana bittasi chiqib qoldi. Inversiya: Barely had we solved one problem when another one arose. – Bir muammoni hal qilib bo’lmagan edik hamki yana bittasi chiqib qoldi.
4. No sooner (...... tha n) – bo’lmagan edi hamki, hali ulgurmagan edi hamki.	Oddiy gap: The alarm had no sooner gone off than the police arrived. – Hali signalizatsiya o’chib o’lgurmagan edi hamki politsiya yetib keldi. Inversiya: No sooner had the alarm gone off than the police arrived. – Hali signalizatsiya o’chib o’lgurmagan edi hamki politsiya yetib keldi.
5. Only – fagat. (Boshqa holatlarda emas)	Oddiy gap: You should dial 999 only in an emergency. – Faqat favqulotda holatlarda 999 raqamini tering. Inversiya: Only in an emergency should you dial 999. – Faqat favqulotda holatlarda 999 raqamini tering.
6. Only after – faqat ............ keyingina	Oddiy gap: I called the police only after I had checked that the burglar had left. – Faqat o’g’ri ketganini bilganimdan keyingina men politsiyaga qo’ng’iroq qildim. Inversiya: Only after I had checked that the burglar had left did I call the police. – Faqat o’g’ri ketganini bilganimdan keyingina men politsiyaga qo’ng’iroq qildim.
7. Only when – faqat qachonki ........... gina	Oddiy gap: We will be able to solve the problem only when we agree what measures are needed. – Qachonki nima choralar ko’rilishi kerakligini kelishib olganimizdan keyingina biz muammoni yecha olamiz. Inversiya: Only when we agree what measures are needed will we be able to solve the problem. – Qachonki nima choralar ko’rilishi kerakligini kelishib olganimizdan keyingina biz muammoni yecha olamiz.
8. Not until - ... maguncha	Oddiy gap: We will not know how the public feel about the news until the next election. – Navbatdagi saylovlar o’tmaguncha biz odamlarning yangilikka bo’lgan munosabatini bilib ololmaymiz. Inversiya: Not until the next election will we know how the public feel about the news. – Navbatdagi saylovlar o’tmaguncha biz odamlarning yangilikka bo’lgan munosabatini bilib ololmaymiz.
9. At no time/point/stage – aynan o’sha damda (biror ishni qilmaganligingizni yoki o’sha ish-harakat sodir bo’lmaganiga o’rg’u berish uchun ishlatiladi)	At no point did I realise that he was the Prime Minister. – Ayni o’sha paytda uning bosh vazir ekanligini bilmagandim. At no time did I feel they were being unreasonable. – Aynan o’sha damda ularning nohaq munosabatda bo’layotganini tushunmabman.
10. In no way – Hech qanday holatda. (Biror bir ishni qilishning imkoniyati yo’qligiga o’rg’u berish uchun ishlatiladi)	In no way does the decision represent a change in a government policy. – Hech qanday holatda ham bu qaror hukumat siyosatida bo’layotgan o’zgarishni ifodalay olmaydi.
11. Little – kam, oz (Gapda bo’lishsiz ma’no hosil qilish uchun ishlatiladi)	Oddiy gap: Ralph knew little that the burglar was still inside his house. - Ralf o’g’ri hali ham uyida ekanini bilmagan edi. Inversiya: Little did Ralph know that the burglar was still inside his house. - Ralf o’g’ri hali ham uyida ekanini bilmagan edi.
12. Never – hech qachon.	Oddiy gap: I have never heard such a ridiculious suggestion! – Hech qachon bunaqangi axmoqona taklifni eshitmagan ekanman. Inversiya: Never have I heard such a ridiculious suggestion! – Hech qachon bunaqangi axmoqona taklifni eshitmagan ekanman!
13. Not – siz (biror ish-harakat bajarilmaganligiga o’rg’u berish uchun ishlatiladi)	Oddiy gap: The proposal did not receive one vote. – Bu taklif bironta ovoz olmabdi. Inversiya: Not one vote did the proposal receive. – Bu taklif bironta ovoz olmabdi.
14. Not only ... but (also/too) – nafaqat ...balki ... ham	Oddiy gap: This government has not only failed but it has also stolen ideas from other parties. – Bu hukumat nafaqat muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan balki u boshqa partiyalardan g’oya ham o’g’irlagan ekan. Inversiya: Not only has this government failed but it has also stolen ideas from other parties. – Bu hukumat nafaqat muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan balki u boshqa partiyalardan g’oya ham o’g’irlagan ekan.
14. On no account – bekordan bekorga, sababsiz	Oddiy gap: You should not try to tackle a burglar yourself on any account. – Bekordan bekorga kishi o’g’irlik qilishga qaror qilmasa kerak. Inversiya: On no account should you try to tackle a burglar yourself. – Bekordan bekorga kishi o’g’irlik qilishga qaror qilmasa kerak.
15. Rarely – kamdan kam	Oddiy gap: The newspapers rarely present a balanced view of current events. – Hozirgi gazetalar kamdan kam bo’layotgan voqealarni to’g’ri tahlil qiladi. Inversiya: Rarely do the newspapers present a balanced view of current events. – Hozirgi gazetalar kamdan kam bo’layotgan voqealarni to’g’ri tahlil qiladi.
16. Seldom - kamdan kam	Oddiy gap: People leaving prison seldom stay out of trouble. – Qamoqdan chiqqan odam kamdan kam tashvishsiz yashaydi. Inversiya: Seldom do people leaving prison stay out of trouble. – Qamoqdan chiqqan odam kamdan kam tashvishsiz yashaydi.
17. Under no circumstances – asossiz, hech gapdan hech gap yo’q	Oddiy gap: We will not accept an increase in working hours under any circumstances. – Asossiz ravishda ish soatlarini uzaytira olmaymiz. Inversiya: Under no circumstances will we accept an increase in working hours. – Asossiz ravishda ish soatlarini uzaytira olmaymiz.

NOTE: Only after, not until va only when bog’lovchilari ishlatilgan gaplarda bosh gap ergash gapdan keyin turadi. Shuning uchun gapda xuddi ergash gapdagi yordamchi va modal fe’llar egadan oldinga chiqayotganga o’xshaydi.

Only when we agree what measures are needed will we be able to solve the problem. – Qachonki nima choralar ko’rilishi kerakligini kelishib olganimizdan keyingina biz muammoni yecha olamiz.

Not until this government realises what a mistake it is making will things change. – Bu hukumat qanaqa xato qilayotganini payqasagina narsalar o’zgaradi.
B. O’rin – joyni bildirgan so’zlar va so’z birikmalarning inversiyasi.

Model: Adverbial expressions of place + verbs of movement/position + Subject

Bu qoidada o’rin-joyni bildirgan so’zlar gap boshiga chiqadi va shunga ko’ra gapdagi mustaqil va yordamchi fe’llar egadan oldinga chiqadi.

NOTE: O’rin-joyni bildirgan so’zlar bilan inversiya yasayotganimizda ega albatta ot so’z turkumi bo’lishi shart.

Here is the book. – Mana kitobni oling. (Inversiya, ega otdan yasalgan va yordamchi fe’l egadan oldinga chiqqan)

Here it is. – Mana buni oling. (Inversiya yasalmaydi, chunki, ega otdan yasalmagan, olmoshdan yasalgan)

NOTE: O’rin-joyni bildirgan so’zlar bilan inversiya yasayotganimizda gapda asosan Simple zamon shakllari qo’llanadi, Continuous zamon shakllari qo’llanmaydi..

Here comes the bus. – Ana avtobus kelayapti. (Inversiya, Present Simple qo’llanayapti)

Here is the bus coming. – Ana avtobus kelayapti. (Inversiya qoidasida qo’llana olmaydi)

Expressions of place	Examples
Here – mana, ana	Here comes the Minister now. – Mana vazir ham kelayapti. Here comes the bus. – Ana avtobus kelayapti.
There – U yerda	There stood the next king of England. – U yerda Angliyaning bo’lg’usi qiroli turardi.
Adverbial phrases. – o’rin-joyni bildirgan ravishli birikmalar	At the top of the society are the aristocracy. – Jamiyatning boshida oqsuyaklar turadi. Beside the Town Hall stood the public library. – Taun Xolning yonida jamoat kutubxonasi joylashgan edi. On the corner of the street sat a homeless man. – Ko’chaning burchagida uysiz odam o’tirardi.
Participle phrases. –o’rin-joyni bildirgan sifatdoshli birikmalar	Running down the road was a young man with a woman’s bag under his arm. – Yo’ldan tushaverishda qo’ltig’ida ayollar sumkasi bilan bir yigit turardi.

C. Other inversions. – Boshqa turdagi inversiyalar.

Qisqa javoblarda so, neither va nor dan keyin	“I voted for Smith.” “Did you? So did I” - “Men Smitga ovoz berdim” “Shunaqami? Men ham” “I don’t believe a word this government says.” – “Men bu hukumat aytadigan bironta ham gapga ishonmayman.” “No, neither/nor do I” – “Men ham”
As, than, so va such dan keyin.	I am very worried about bullying in the school, as are a lot of parents. – Boshqa ko’pgina ota-onalar kabi men ham maktabdagi janjallardan qo’rqaman.
	So rare is burglary here that many people don’t bother to lock their doors. – Bu yerda o’g’irlik shunaqangi kamki ko’pgina odamlar uylarini ham qulflamaydilar.
	Burglary is so rare here that many people don’t bother to lock their doors. – Bu yerda o’g’irlik shunaqangi kamki ko’pgina odamlar uylarini ham qulflamaydilar.
	Such public interest was there in the story that it was on the front pages of the newspaper. – Hikoyaga ommaning qiziqishi shunaqa ham ko’p bo’ldiki u hamma gazetalarning bosh sahifalarida e’lon qilina boshladi.
	There was such public interest in the story that it was on the front pages of the newspaper. – Hikoyaga ommaning qiziqishi shunaqa ham ko’p bo’ldiki u hamma gazetalarning bosh sahifalarida e’lon qilina boshladi.
Noreal shart gaplarda yordamchi va modal fe’llar egadan oldinga chiqadi. (If bog’lovchisi gapda tushurib qoldirilsagina yordamchi va modal fe’llar egadan oldinga chiqishi mumkin)	Oddiy gap: If the Foreign Secretary were to resign, it would cause serious problems for the Prime Minister. – Agar tashqi ishlar vaziri iste’foga chiqsaydi, bu bosh vazirga jiddiy muammolar to’g’dirgan bo’lur edi. Inversiya: Were the Foreign Secretary to resign, it would cause serious problems for the Prime Minister. – Agar tashqi ishlar vaziri iste’foga chiqsaydi, bu bosh vazirga jiddiy muammolar to’g’dirgan bo’lur edi.
	Oddiy gap: If the Foreign Secretary should resign, it would cause serious problems for the Prime Minister. – Agar tashqi ishlar vaziri iste’foga chiqsaydi, bu bosh vazirga jiddiy muammolar to’g’dirgan bo’lur edi. Inversiya: Should the Foreign Secretary resign, it would cause serious problems for the Prime Minister. – Agar tashqi ishlar vaziri iste’foga chiqsaydi, bu bosh vazirga jiddiy muammolar to’g’dirgan bo’lur edi.
	Oddiy gap: If I had known about the crime problem, I would never have moved here. – Jinoyatchilikka bog’liq muammolar borligini bilganimda edim, bu yerga umuman ko’chmagan bo’lar edim. Inversiya: Had I known about the crime problem, I would never have moved here. – Jinoyatchilikka bog’liq muammolar borligini bilganimda edim, bu yerga umuman ko’chmagan bo’lar edim.

D. Cleft sentences – Ta’kid gaplar. Bu ma’nodagi gaplar navbatdagi gapga o’rg’u berish, uning ma’nosini kuchaytirish uchun it, that, to + verb lar bilan boshlanadi

All (that) – hammasi	All that Keith wanted was to get his money back. – Keyt xohlagan narsaning hammasi pulini qaytarib olish edi. To get his money back was all that Keith wanted. – Keyt xohlagan narsaning hammasi pulini qaytarib olish edi.
It is/was ... who/which/that – bu ...	It was Carol who/that called the police. – Politsiyaga qo’ng’iroq qilgan kishi Kerel edi.
The ... thing - ... narsa	The first thing is to check to see what is missing. – Birinchi qiladigan narsa nima yo’qolganini tekshirib ko’rish. To check to see what is missing is the first thing. – Birinchi qiladigan narsa nima yo’qolganini tekshirib ko’rish.
The day(etc) when/that The day (etc) on/in/at which (Tagiga chizilgan the day so’zining o’rniga boshqa vaqtni bildirgan so’zlarni qo’llash mumkin)	The year when the government came to power was 2006. – Bu hukumat hokimiyat tepasiga kelgan yil 2006 inchi yil edi. 2006 was the year when this government came to power. – 2006 inchi yil bu hukumat hokimiyat tepasiga kelgan yil edi. 2006 was the year in which this government came to power. – 2006 inchi yil bu hukumat hokimiyat tepasiga kelgan yil edi.
The person who/that - ... kishi	The person who/that stole the money was Thomas. – Pulni o’g’irlagan kimsa Tomas edi. Thomas was the person who/that stole the money. – Pulni o’g’irlagan kimsa Tomas edi.
The place where - ... joy (o’rin-joyga o’rg’u berish uchun)	The place where the Queen stays in Scotland is Balmoral Castle. – Shotlandiyada qirolicha to’xtaydigan joy Balmoral qal’asi. Balmoral Castle is the place where the Queen stays in Scotland. - Balmoral qal’asi Shotlandiyada qirolicha to’xtaydigan joy.
The reason (why/that) - ... sababi (sababga o’rg’u berish uchun)	The reason why I joined this political party was to make a difference. – Mening bu siyosiy partiyaga qo’shilishimning sababi biror muvaffaqiyatga erishish. To make a difference was the reason why I joined this political party. – Mening bu siyosiy partiyaga qo’shilishimning sababi biror muvaffaqiyatga erishish.
The thing that - narsa	The thing that annoys me is the boss’s attitude. – Mening jahlimni chiqaradigan narsa boshliqning munosabati. The boss’s attitude is the thing that annoys me. – Boshliqning munosabati mening jahlimni chiqaradigan narsa.
What - narsa	What annoys me is the boss’s attitude. – Mening jahlimni chiqaradigan narsa boshliqning munosabati. The boss’s attitude is what annoys me. – Boshliqning munosabati mening jahlimni chiqaradigan narsa.
What ... do/did – qilgan ishi	What Churchil did was (to) bring people together. – Cherchilning qilgan ishi odamlarni birlashtirish bo’ldi.
What happens/happened is/was – bor/bo’lgan gap shuki	What happened was that a witness saw the man leave the house. – Bor gap shuki guvoh o’sha odamning uydan chiqqanini ko’rgan.

NOTE:

It was I who stole the money. – Pulni o’g’irlagan kishi men bo’laman. (Formal)

It was me who stole the money. – Pulni o’g’irlagan kishi men bo’laman. (Informal)