Content s introduction Chapter I phonological schools in linguistics and their theoretical concepts
I.2. B THE MOSCOW PHONOLOGICAL SCHOOL
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- штатский, шведский
I.2. B THE MOSCOW PHONOLOGICAL SCHOOL
Another scientific approach to the phoneme concept in Russia is known as the Moscow phonological school. This school is represented by R.I. Avanesov, V.N. Sidorov, A.A. Reformatsky (1901-1978), P.S. Kuznetzov (1899-1968), A.M. Sukhotin, M.V. Panov, N.F. Jakovlev. One of the first linguists to give a definition of phoneme void of psychologic elements was N.F. Jakovlev: “Phonemes are understood those phonic properties that can be analyzed from the speech flow as the shortest elements serving to differentiate units of meaning.”3 The representatives of the Moscow phonological school based their definition of a phoneme on the concept of the morpheme. A.A. Reformatsky gave the following definition of the phoneme: “Phonemes are minimal units of the sound structure of a language, serving to form and differentiate meaningful units: morphemes and words”. Phonemes are meaningless units of a language but they are capable of distinguishing meaningful units as their sequences may form morphemes and words. For example, /pit – lit/, /but – bet/ etc.
Phonemes and their distinctive features differ. A phoneme is a sum of distinctive features. Distinctive sounds, i.e. phonemes and distinctive features are considered as the two levels of the phonological structure of a language. The level of distinctive features is called “merismatic level”. One of the fundamental notions of phonology is that of position, which creates conditions for the realization of phonemes in speech. Positions may depend not only on the phonetic context but also on the morphological conditions. For example, in joining basic and affixal morphemes some sound combinations become an affricate: штатский, шведский where /тс/ and /дс/ form the affricate /ц/. Some Moscow phonologists, especially, A. A. Reformatsky gave a classification of phonological oppositions and presented a new approach to the problem of neutralization. It should be stated that their theory is commonly applied to the description of Russian phonemes; it was also fruitful in the analysis of the phonological systems of other languages. The Moscow phonologists described the super-segmental features of syllables, stress and intonation. Besides, they improved the morphonological theory advanced by N.S. Trubetzkoy. According to A.A. Reformatsky morphonology is a “bridge” level between phonology and morphology. N.S. Trubetzkoy included almost all the phonemic alternations into morphonology and used the term “morphoneme”. However, morphonology must not only study the alternations of segmental phonemes but also, can analyze the alternations of suprasegmental elements, i.e. stress alternations in morphemes. In the Russian words: /рука – ручной/, /нога – ножной/, /слух – послушный/, we can observe alternations both of a segmental and suprasegmental character. Such alternations in English as /foot – feet/, /tooth – teeth/, /ox – oxen/, /child – children/, which are interpreted as morphonological by the American linguists, belong to the grammatical meanings formed by the internal inflexion. The alternations, which do not depend on their positions in morphemes, would be studied in morphonology.
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