Contents contents introduction characteristics of naturalism influence of Naturalism on American literature Zola's work and naturalism 10 Ancient and medieval philosophy 16 Modern philosophy 18 conclusion 21 glossary 24 references 26

Surprising Twist - Something that is surprising is unexpected or unusual and makes you feel surprised.
Tricolon - a rhetorical term that consists of three parallel clauses, phrases, or words, which happen to come in quick succession without any interruption.

REFERENCES

1. 
   ‘Editor’s Study.’ Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 79 (1889): 962–7.
   
2. 
   Civello, Paul. American Literary Naturalism and Its Twentieth-Century Transformations: Frank Norris, Ernest Hemingway,
   
3. 
   Conder, John J. Naturalism in American Fiction: The Classic Phase. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1984.
   
4. 
   Delillo. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1994.
   
5. 
   Den Tandt, Christophe. The Urban Sublime in American Literary Naturalism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.
   
6. 
   Dudley, John. A Man’s Game: Masculinity and the Anti-Aesthetics of American Literary Naturalism. Tuscaloosa, AL: University Of Alabama P, 2004.
   
7. 
   Elliott, Michael A. The Culture Concept: Writing and Difference in the Age of Realism. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2002.
   
8. 
   Felski, Rita. Beyond Feminist Aesthetics: Feminist Literature and Social Change. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1989.
   
9. 
   Fleissner, Jennifer L. Women, Compulsion, Modernity: The Moment of American Naturalism. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004.
   
10. 
    Gair, Christopher Hugh. ‘‘The Way Our People Came’: Citizenship, Capitalism, and Racial Difference in ‘The
    
11. 
    Gandal, Keith. The Virtues of the Vicious: Jacob Riis, Stephen Crane, and the Spectacle of the Slum. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
    
12. 
    Giles, James Richard. The Naturalistic Inner-City Novel in America: Encounters with the Fat Man. Columbia, SC: University.
    
13. 
    Glazener, Nancy. Reading for Realism: The History of a U.S. Literary Institution, 1850-1910. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997.
    
14. 
    Hemingway. (1999). The Old Man and the Sea. Jiangsu: Jiangsu Yilin Press.
    
15. 
    Hemingway. (2004). A Farewell to Arms. Xi’an : World Publishing Corporation.
    
16. 
    Hochman, Barbara. The Art of Frank Norris, Storyteller. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988.
    
17. 
    Howard, June. Form and History in American Literary Naturalism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985.
    
18. 
    Howells, William Dean. ‘Editor’s Study.’ Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 73 (1886): 641–2.
    
19. 
    Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature).
    
20. 
    Http://www.gradesaver.com/sister-carrie/e-text/sources/.
    
21. 
    Kaplan, Harold. Power and Order; Henry Adams and the Naturalist Tradition in American Fiction. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
    
22. 
    Lawlor, Mary. Recalling the Wild: Naturalism and the Closing of the American West. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000.
    
23. 
    Lehan, Richard Daniel. Realism and Naturalism: The Novel in an Age of Transition. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005.
    
24. 
    Lin, Xianghua. A Dictionary of Western Literary Critical Terms. Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.
    
25. 
    Link, Eric Carl. The Vast and Terrible Drama: American Literary Naturalism in the Late Nineteenth Century. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.
    
26. 
    London, Jack. (1994).The Call of Wild . Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Peter conn. (1989). Literature in American. Cambridge University Press.
    
27. 
    London, Jack. Martin Eden. New York: Review of Reviews, 1909.
    
28. 
    Sinclair Lewis. Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1930.
    
29. 
    The Webster's Dictionary of the English Language. 1989 Lexicon Publications.
    
30. 
    University of South Carolina Press, 1995.
    
31. 
    Valley of the Moon’.’ Rereading Jack London. Ed. Leonard Cassuto, Jeanne Campbell Reesman and Earle Labor. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1996.
    
32. 
    Wu, Weiren. (1990). History and Anthology of American Literature Volume 2. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
    
33. 
    Zhang, chong. (2008). Anthology of American Literature. Shanghai: Fudan University Press.
    
34. 
    Zola, (1988). Naturalism . Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
    

1^ ‘Editor’s Study.’ Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 79 (1889): 962–7.

2^ Hochman, Barbara. The Art of Frank Norris, Storyteller. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988.

3^ Civello, Paul. American Literary Naturalism and Its Twentieth-Century Transformations: Frank Norris, Ernest Hemingway,

4^ Conder, John J. Naturalism in American Fiction: The Classic Phase. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1984.

5^ Delillo. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1994.

6^ Elliott, Michael A. The Culture Concept: Writing and Difference in the Age of Realism. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2002.

7^ Dudley, John. A Man’s Game: Masculinity and the Anti-Aesthetics of American Literary Naturalism. Tuscaloosa, AL: University Of Alabama P, 2004.

8^ Felski, Rita. Beyond Feminist Aesthetics: Feminist Literature and Social Change. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1989.

9^ Giles, James Richard. The Naturalistic Inner-City Novel in America: Encounters with the Fat Man. Columbia, SC: University.

10^ Fleissner, Jennifer L. Women, Compulsion, Modernity: The Moment of American Naturalism. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2004.

11^ Sinclair Lewis. Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1930.