Contents introduction chapter I historical background of etymological doublets

Vocabulary and culture is a separate area of discussion. Here language pictures of the world are studied, the ways in which reality is divided into sectors and described by words. Such processes as categorization and conceptualization of extralinguistic phenomena are discussed, the ways in which the continuum of extralinguistic reality is reflected in the people‘s minds by means of language. The notion of concept is central to the cognitive linguistic research. The difference is made between language pictures of the world and conceptual pictures of the world. While the conceptual picture of the world is the whole set of ideas, concepts and knowledge about the world, and is connected with the abstract cognitive sphere, the language picture of the world is the result of verbalisation of cognitive concepts. While the first one is universal, the latter depends to a great extent on the ethnic mentality of the language speakers. Verbalized concepts are an integral part of language pictures of the world: they are the result of the world categorization encoded in speech.
CONCLUSION
Etymological doublets represent one of the oldest and most extensive lexico-semantic categories. Etymological doublets are words that etymologically go back to the same basis, but have different meanings, pronunciation and spelling in the language. For example: catch and chase, gaol and jail, channel and canal. Note: doublets are, of course, when there are two such words. If there are, say, three of them, then these are no longer twins, but triplet. Consider the etymological pair of words channel and canal. Both of them are French origin and come from the old French chanel, chenel, which dates back to the Latin canālis ‘tube, channel’. The word channel appeared in English in the 13th century. with the value ‘the channel of flowing water, the channel’ and later acquired new values: ‘course, direction’ (XIV century), ‘gutter’ (XVII century).
The words shirt and skirt etymologically descend from the same root. Shirt is a native word, and skirt (as the initial sk suggests), is a Scandinavian borrowing. Their phonemic shape is different, and yet there is a certain resemblance which reflects their common origin. Their meanings are also different but easily associated: they both denote articles of clothing. Such words as these two originating from the same etymological source, but differing in phonemic shape and in meaning are called etymological doublets.They may enter the vocabulary by different routes. Some of these pairs, like shirt and skirt, consist of a native word and a borrowed word: shrew, n. (E.) — screw, n. (Sc.). Others are represented by two borrowings from different languages which are historically descended from the same root: senior (Lat.) — sir (Fr.), canal (Lat.) — channel (Fr.), captain (Lat.) — chieftan (Fr.). Still others were borrowed from the same language twice, but in different periods: corpse [ko:ps] (Norm. Fr.) — corps [ko:] (Par. Fr.), travel (Norm. Fr.) — travail (Par. Fr.), cavalry (Norm. Fr.) — chivalry (Par. Fr.), gaol (Norm. Fr.) — jail (Par. Fr.). A doublet may also consist of a shortened word and the one from which it was derived: history — story, fantasy — fancy, fanatic — fan, defence — fence, courtesy — curtsy, shadow — shade.