Contents Introduction chapter The dramatic life of England in the late XIX early XX centuries

Chapter 1. The dramatic life of England in the late XIX - early XX centuries
1.1 The life and work of Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin in 1856. After finishing school, the young man could not enter the university, because the family did not have enough money, and found a job as a servant in London. The young man spent a lot of time in libraries, filling gaps in education, and later engaged in journalism. In 1879, he wrote his first novel, then four more, but they were not popular. At this time, Shaw was more successful in criticism: the main theme of his essays was artistic, in particular, theater. Shaw saw that the main problem of modern drama is the lack of properly presented ideas of social conflict and wanted to change it.
In 1885, Shaw wrote The Widow's House, a drama based on young George's experience of being forced to collect rent from the lodgers as a croc. This work is considered Shaw's debut as a playwright. Over time, the performances became more and more popular: the audience liked the stories in which the author raised acute social issues.¹
The main work that made Bernard Shaw famous was "Pygmalion", written in 1912. He later won an Oscar for the screenplay based on this play.
In 1925, Shaw received the Nobel Prize in Literature, but refused the money. The writer worked hard, led a simple lifestyle and died at the age of 94.
Famous Irishman, English writer, prose writer, dramatist, music and theater critic, public figure. The second most famous (after Shakespeare) English-speaking playwright. He made an immeasurable contribution to English and world drama. Nobel laureate... He is also known for his intelligence and commitment to socialist views.
George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin. Shaw's father, a civil servant, decided to go into grain trading. but burned out and became addicted to alcohol. The writer's mother was a singer and amateur musician. The boy was educated first at home, then at Catholic and Protestant day schools, then at the age of sixteen he got a job as a secretary in a real estate agency, where he worked for four years. In 1873, Shaw's parents divorced and his mother moved to London. Three years later, Bernard joined them and decided to become a writer. However, all of his articles were returned by editors, and none of Shaw's five novels were published. At this time, the writer was completely dependent on the small income of his mother, who gave music lessons.
In 1882, Shaw turned to social issues and became a staunch socialist. In 1884, the playwright joined the Fabian Society, which was created to spread socialist ideas. Shaw became an extremely active member of the community, often giving lectures three times a week. At the same time, Shaw met the theater critic W. Archer, on whose recommendation Shaw first became an independent reporter, and then the author of musical and theater reviews (from 1886) in publications such as "The World", "Pall Mall". newspapers "(" Pall Mall Gazette ")," Star "(" Star ") newspaper. Shaw's critical work brought him popularity and financial independence. In 1895, Shaw became a theater critic for London's "Saturday Review". Shaw's interest in the theater grew more and more, He wrote several works about G. Ibsen and R. Wagner, and in 1892 Shaw's first house "Widows' Houses" was filmed. This work was not successful and was filmed after two performances. The playwright was also invaluable, the directors refused to stage them and "Mrs. Warren's profession" was even banned by censorship (the play was associated with prostitution). Shaw published his works at his own expense. In 1898, Shaw gave him a great help to the Irish philanthropist and socialite Charlotte Paine Townsend. got married. Fame came to the playwright in 1904, when his works became the basis of the repertoire of the Royal Court Theater in London, where he was staged by D. Vedrenn and Harley Grenville-Barker, who managed this theater. In three seasons (1904-07) the most important plays of almost all the dramatists were performed at the Royal Court Theatre. Simultaneously with the recognition of the show, criticisms about "insufficient seriousness" and inferiority began to be heard, in particular, the playwright L.N. Tolstoy. The show itself is writing plays with more and more "serious" philosophical ideas and therefore less and less popular among the public. During the First World War, Shaw's anti-war views (which he did not hesitate to express) caused the playwright to be sharply rejected. in most cases the press and colleagues. Shaw was expelled from the Playwrights Club after the essay "War from the point of view of common opinion", in which the playwright criticized both England and Germany, ridiculed blind patriotism and called for negotiations between both countries. In the 20s of the XX century, Shaw's works were again is becoming popular. During this time, the most controversial and complex of Shaw's plays "Return to Methuselah" ("Return to Methuselah", 1922), as well as the only tragedy in his repertoire: "Saint-John" ("Saint-Joan", 1924), about Jeanne D'Arc. In 1926, the 1925 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Shaw "for his creativity, distinguished by idealism and humanity, and for his brilliant satire, often combined with extraordinary poetic beauty." As a principled opponent of all kinds of awards, Shaw refused the money part of the Nobel Prize and ordered the creation of an English-Swedish literary fund for translators, especially those of Strindberg. In 1928, Shaw wrote, "He is a clever man a woman on socialism and capitalism ("A smart woman's guide to socialism and capitalism") - thoughts on political and economic topics. And in 1931, the playwright visited the USSR and Stalin Shaw remained a staunch socialist throughout his life and in 1943 strongly supported the USSR, considering the society that Shaw's wife was the prototype of. After that, the playwright moved from London to his home in Hertfordshire, where he Shaw died on November 2, 1950 at the age of 94. ²
The correct pronunciation of the surname Shaw is "Sho", while the Russian-speaking tradition has established the pronunciation "Shou".
From 1904 to 1907, 701 of the 988 plays performed at the Royal Court Theater were based on Shaw's works.
In response to the expression "Shaw is a clown", V.I. Lenin said: "In a bourgeois state he may be a clown for a philistine, but in a revolution he is not mistaken for a clown."³
B. Shaw became the first writer to refuse the Nobel Prize.
B. Shaw is the only person who received both the Nobel Prize and the Oscar for literature.
Shaw became the author of many aphorisms with a great sense of humor and a determined mind.
Bibliography
Cycle of "Unpleasant Games".
Widower's Houses (1885-1892)
Heartbreak (1893)
Mrs. Warren's Career (1893-1894)

A cycle of "Cute Games".

The Gun and the Man (1894)
in Kandy (1894-1895)
The Chosen One (1895)
Let's Wait and See (1895-1896)

The cycle "Three Pieces for the Puritans".

The Devil's Disciple (1896-1897)
(1898)
Captain Brasbound's Messages (1899)

The Great Bashville, or Unrewarded Constancy" (1901)

Adam and Superman (1901-1903)
John Bull's Other Island (1904)
How She Lied to Her Husband (1904)
Major Barbara (1906)
A Doctor in Trouble (1906)
Interlude at the Theater (1907)
Marriage (1908)
Blanco Opening the Posnet (1909)

"Fools and jewels" cycle

Passion, Poison, Stoning, or the Gasogen to Death (1905)
Newspaper Clippings (1909)
The Fascinating Founding (1909)
A Little Truth (1909)

The number of performances of show performances is countless. On the Kinopoisk website, 62 films and television films are included in the list of screen versions of the playwright's works.

The most famous film adaptations:
Pygmalion (1938, UK) is. E. Esquith, L. Howard. B. Shaw became a screenwriter and received an Oscar for it.
My Fair Lady (1964, USA) is. J. Kukor. Screen adaptation of the play "Pygmalion". The film won 8 Oscars, including the main award for Best Picture.

Adaptation of local movies:

How She Lied to Her Husband (1956). T. Berezantseva
Pygmalion (1957) is. S. Alekseev
Galatea (1977) is. A. Belinsky. Film-ballet based on the play "Pygmalion".
Mourning Indifference (1986). A. Sokurov. Fantastic film based on the play "House of Trembling Hearts".⁴