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Uploaded: 10 Mar 2023 at 5:47 am Plagiarism: 70.27 % Words: 9023 4 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………... 3 CHAPTER I DEVELOPMENT OF CONVERSION AND SHORTENING IN ENGLISH …….….….…….……... 4 1.1 Education and Uzbek Literature in Uzbekistan in the 70-80 Years of the Twentieth Century 4 1.2 Value of Children’s Literature and Students’ Opinions Regarding Their Favourite Books……………………….. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 46.15 % 8 CHAPTER II CONVERSION AND SHORTENING AS PRODUCTIVE WAYS OF FORMING LEXICAL UNITS………………....................................................... 13 2.1 Value of Children’s Literature and Students’ Opinions Regarding Their Favourite Books…………………….…. 13 2.2 The role of children’s literature in the upbringing of a harmoniously developed generation………..…………… 22 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………….... 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % 2. globalresearchnetwork.us - 83.33 % 30 REZYUME………………………………………………………………... 31 THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE... ………………………………… 32 INTRODUCTION The first President of the Republic of Uzbekistan has repeatedly emphasized the need for special attention to the development of children's literature, which is of extremely great importance, saying that the formation of a free-thinking personality and reading culture begins from childhood. From these positions, it is important to study artistic and aesthetic values and the educational value of children's literature. In the Uzbek children's literature of the period of independence, the influence of national pedagogy, oral folk art is traced, which leads to the strengthening of the national color in the works, the awareness of folk wisdom, the upbringing of positive qualities, the enrichment of the speech of children with national concepts and terms. Thus, K. Yuldoshev writes: ―Today's literature does not oblige itself to show people the way, does not lecture the reader, does not pretend to be a teacher. 1. wos.academiascience.org - 100 % 2. fayllar.org - 100 % 3. researchgate.net - 46.43 % It awakens the reader's attitude with the subtlety and grace of the description, the unexpectedness of the expressions. It should be noted that the beauty of the literature of independence is not outside, but in the depths of the text. One of the most significant part in children’s literature is child psychology. Having been inimitable, candid and beautiful peculiarity of literature, psychology disclose not only nature of people, but also their inner world. Psychological procedures help form and develop in children emotional, educational, spiritual conditions, also develop different kinds of activities such as working, learning, playing various games, reading books, and psychological attributes. In the Uzbek fiction, for instance, can be remarked educational and mental issues happening in the socio-political environment by means of emotions and experience of a person. Yusuf Khos Khojib and Alisher Navoi are considered to be great writers of Uzbek literature, who portrayed psychology of humans in their works first. 1. fayllar.org - 100 % 2. wos.academiascience.org - 100 % 3. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov - 50 % Under the concept Children’s psychology is understood analysis of general and specific characteristics developing psychologically, influence of identical processes at different ages, laws, driving forces. For this reason, the conception Children’s psychology can be replaced with the Youth psychology. Indeed, general psychology is the source for developing children’s psychology, in this way, there is used some investigation techniques. But, the usage of them has their own features. The main research can be described as transverse or longitudinal while exploring small and youthful individual characteristics of children. For the first case, identical mental procedures are executed at the same time with different ages of children. And for the second case, the spiritual traits were taken individually and investigated for several years. With that one examines the main direction for developing psychology of children and it can be noted that child psychology is the vital factor in children education and upbringing. Awareness of it gives significant help not only in literature, but also in nature of children and their upbringing. There is a necessity to follow some principles and rules for explorers and psychologists while investigating psychology of a child. The principle genuineness, which gives the explanation to the origin of new peculiarities in the brain of a child, for a complete concept, every detail should be taken into consideration including incidents and conditions which insure the detection of each attribute. For instance, if there is a problem with a child who is not involved in class and who is interrupted with looking at one of the class-fellows, certainly, the issue should be resolved. It is necessary to find out the reason of it, by what exactly he was attracted by his classmate: maybe he was seeing his clothes which he liked or it can be torn, or may be just, he was bored and it is the essence of child psychology. Alisher Navoi devoted all his activity and creativity to the struggle for human happiness, peace of the people, prevention of civil wars, beautification works, was a wise statesman, founder of the Uzbek classical literary language and a great orator of the Uzbek classical literature. He patronized the people of science, art and literature, and made many disciples. 1. savol-javob.com - 100 % 2. fayllar.org - 100 % In this course paper, the following ways to tackle this problem are proposed. Firstly, general information about shortening and its subtypes is given in the theoretical part of the article. Secondly, a concrete methodology of the structural-semantic classification of the shortened slang words is proposed in the discussion part. Thirdly, final conclusions are given in the concluding part of the article. This paper presents structural and semantic linguistic methods of selected slang words codified in four different slang dictionaries. 1. berlinstudies.de ( 1 , 2 ) - 100 % The actuality of the paper is that learning conversion as well as shortening in the English language, moreover, investigating these issues are in a great value in lexicology. And it aims is to present and analyze formation of words, types of word formation, the process of zero derivation on the theme “Conversion and shortening as word formation means”. The object of the research is analyzing converted and shortened words. The subject of the research of the work is the role of the conversion and shortening in human speech and writing. The aim of this course paper is to analyze conversion and shortening as a formation of words. The methods of investigation are used in this research are descriptive and analytical, comparatives in order to reveal particular features of conversion and shortening in the language. The theoretical and practical value of this paper is that the facts, data, researches and information can be used in further inquiry in the field of semantics, lexicology, general linguistics and the present work is a valuable manual for specialists concerned with general linguistics, lexicology, stylistics and linguo-culture; additionally, its result can be used during the process of conducting English practical lessons and seminars. The structure of the paper is introduction, two chapters, conclusion, resume and the list of used literature. CHAPTER I DEVELOPMENT OF CONVERSION AND SHORTENING IN ENGLISH 1.1 Education and Uzbek Literature in Uzbekistan in the 70-80 Years of the Twentieth Century. From the mid-80s of the twentieth century, literature and art began to take new steps towards a true reflection of the lifestyle of the people. The difficult fate of the Uzbek peasants, the problems of nature, language, culture and history have become more acute in the scope of the themes of the works of art. New content began to open a new modern form in creativity, a wide path to international tones. In the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century, the construction of schools in Uzbekistan, the involvement of children in school has significantly expanded. Seven years of general compulsory education were conducted. However, there were serious shortcomings in public education. It was clear that the content of education was left behind in life. First, the level of knowledge of school students was low. Second, after ten years of schooling, school leavers would not have acquired any profession or work skills. 1. ijssrr.com - 100 % In December 1958, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR passed a law on strengthening the connection between schools and life in the USSR and the further development of the public education system. The law states that education should be linked to marriage. New curricula, programs and textbooks have been created for schools. Workshops were built in schools. As early as 1962, the transition to general compulsory eight-year education took place. In 1958-1965, about 1,000 schools were opened in Uzbekistan. A similar law was adopted in 1959 by the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR. According to him, 10-year high schools have been transformed into 11-year schools. [1] Secondary schools were transformed into separate primary (grades 1-3), 8-year (grades 1-8) and secondary (grades 1-10) schools based on local conditions, according to a regulation issued in 1970. Vocational schools have been established in cities and districts. In many schools, young people have been retained in school after school, and extended day schools have been set up. 1. ijssrr.com - 100 % 2. journalppw.com - 33.33 % Schools with in-depth teaching of individual subjects, as well as schools for mentally and physically weak children, have emerged. The transition to general secondary education was completed in the mid-1970s. Between 1965 and 1985, the number of secondary schools of all types increased from 8,716 to 9,188, and the number of students increased from 3,055.8 thousand to 6,519.6 thousand. Between 1965 and 1985, the number of people who received secondary education in the republic's schools exceeded 5.7 million. In the post-war years, Higher and Secondary Special Education grew considerably. Although fairy tales and fairy tales are common in children's literature around the world, in Uzbek children's literature fairy tales are few and far between. Interestingly, despite the fact that dramaturgy in Uzbek literature appeared in the XX century, fairy tale drama in Uzbek children's literature was created in the 30s and 40s of the XX century. The fairy tale drama was originally written in poetry. 1. ijssrr.com - 100 % In Uzbek children's literature, in contrast to children's literature of English, French and German peoples, lyrical-epic literary tales have been created. The tradition of creating literary tales of the lyro-epic type was present in Russian children's literature. Literary tales written by poets such as Pushkin and later Sergei Mikhalkov have influenced Uzbek children's poets. Dozens of our poets have created literary tales in the form of poetry. But the genre of such works was defined by poets as fairy tales. It was not until the 1970s that children's literary critics began to use the term "literary tale" in order to distinguish the author from real folk tales. The article focuses on lyrical-epic poetic tales and fairy tales. 1. digital.library.unt.edu - 33.33 % 1.2 Shortening as of Principal Concepts The famous and honorable representative of our people, the holder of the "Hero of Labor" Order "For Merit" Abdulla Avloni describes the universal thoughts about education and upbringing, language and speech etiquette as follows: "Words are the level and perfection of a person and it is a scale that measures virtue. Those with intelligence know the thoughts and intentions of a person's language, knowledge and strength from the words he speaks." Abdulla Avloni, one of the great intellectuals of our time, believes that the perfection of a person is in his mind, language, physical health and good manners. The way of life of modern Uzbek scholars, their social activities are exemplary, their words are wise. The Nation and the Motherland, enlightenment and spirituality were their pain, sorrow and deed. They suffered for the future of this country struck and fell into grief and thought. They opened new educational schools, made their children literate, developed their minds and introduced them to the world. 1. zienjournals.com - 100 % They staged performances in the theater, moved social and domestic problems to the stage and encouraged to look at the world with the eyes of an example through that "study hall". In his works of art, he reflected everyday life problems. Abdulla Avlani is one of the respected modern scholars engaged in such work. Looking deeply at these words, our grandfather Abdulla Avloniy said that the real adornment of a person is his language and speech, manners, education and upbringing and through these feelings, a person becomes a person we can understand that he is thinking about how beautiful his morals can be in his spiritual world. In fact, it is not for nothing that we say: “Abdullah Avloni is the leading representative of the direction of school-reading textbooks in Uzbek children's literature” it is not an exaggeration to say that the main theme of the writer's works for school children is to make them educated and educated and to form them as individuals with their own place in society: 1. zienjournals.com - 100 % Tillarning eng yaxshisi so’zga usta tildir So’zlarning eng yaxshisini bilib, Oxirini o’ylab aytilgan so’z yaxshi so’zdir. (Abdulla Avloni) If the word is not according to reason and wisdom and does not bring any benefit to itself or the listener, then it is like a buzzard buzzing among bees. nothing but pain, all the hard things that come to us are from our soft tongue. Our forefathers did not leave the saying "with many thoughts and few words" for nothing. If a problem ever happens to a person, it is because of his tongue. Language and literature are the lifeblood of every nation that shows its presence in the world. Losing our national language means losing the spirit of the nation. Unfortunately, we can all clearly see that the most common thing that we encounter on the streets nowadays is that people speak foreign languages in Zien Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities ISSN NO: 1. zienjournals.com - 100 % 2769-996X. In addition to our traditional national language right now, one of the most important and relevant issues for us is our level of language knowledge, of course, how effectively we learn the language is important for us to find our place in society in the future, but replace all this we should use z instead. 1. zienjournals.com - 90 % Zero: Zig’ir yog’i solub, moshkichri kabi qilub, aralash quralash qilmak tilning ruhini buzadur. Umummilliy tilni saqlamoq bilan barobar xususiy og’iz orasidagi tilni ham saqlamoq lozim. (Abdulla Avloniy) Abdulla Avloni was not only one of the leaders of the Jadidism movement, which was widespread among the Uzbek people from the end of the 19th century, but also one of the initiators of the new-style school for Uzbek children, he wrote textbooks and manuals containing the necessary knowledge for children. At the beginning of the 20th century, the issue of education of the new generation became extremely important. One of the important tasks in this regard was the creation of textbooks. If the list of alphabets created for new schools is drawn up, then, without a doubt, Saidrasul Azizi's "Ustozi avval" and "Adibi avval" by Munavvarqari will be at the beginning. Abdulla Avlani's "Birinchi muallim" also has its own place. “Birinchi muallim” was published 4 times until 1917. 1. zienjournals.com - 100 % 2. journals.uz - 50 % 3. researchgate.net - 72.73 % “Ikkinchi muallim” is a direct continuation of the above book, written "for teaching after the alphabet", "decorated with moral stories, literary poems". Therefore, it is a textbook complex. The book was first published in 1912 in Tashkent with the lithography of Gulam Hasan Orifjanov. Adib created textbooks for schools. He created textbooks for elementary school students, such as “Birinchi muallim”, “Alifbedan so’ngi o’quv kitobi” and “Ikkinchi muallim”. The textbook “Turkiy Guliston yoxud axloq” with moral didactic content occupied a special place in the development of socio-pedagogical thought at the beginning of the 20th century. 1. zienjournals.com - 100 % In it, the issues of education and morality were analyzed for the first time from the perspective of the demands and needs of the 20th century. Avloni divides the traditional good and bad behaviors and takes modernity as the main criterion, proving his opinions with the opinions of Hippocrates, Aristotle, Plato, Saadi Shirozi and Bedil. The poet's four-part collection of poems entitled “Adabiyot yoxud milliy she’rlar” was published several times between 1909 and 1917. Also, we can find many poet's poems in the pages of the contemporary press of that time. Almost all of these poems are included in these collections. Most of them belong to the poet's work after 1905 and are of national social character. The reason for this is that after 1905, poetry had its own problems. An attempt to understand the pain of the homeland and the nation began to be felt. Abdulla Avloni, who called his people to become enlightened by education, said that education and training are inextricably linked and he emphasized the importance of developing the right vocabulary in young people from a young age, he defines education as follows: 1. zienjournals.com - 100 % 2. usajournalshub.com - 54.55 % “Tarbiya biz uchun yo hayot yo mamot, yo najot yo halokat,yo saodat yo falokat”. Literary critic Begali Kasimov writes about him as follows: Avloni's teaching activity, educational ideas help to study the direction and features of practical enlightenment, an important wing of modernism, and his poetry is a part of the Uzbek national poetry of the 20th century, provides valuable material for determining its arrival and historical development. Avloni valued freedom and liberty above all else, and considered knowledge to be the only path leading to it. For this reason, he called anyone who thought of bringing the slightest benefit to the people of his country to enlightenment. Any procedures that could even slightly interfere with the acquisition of science, including the old teaching method, were sharply criticized. When you read Avloni's poems, the landscapes of Turkestan at the beginning of the 20th century will appear before your eyes. The poet describes him from above, from the point of view of the changes taking place in the lives of the peoples of the world and the development in Europe. 1. zienjournals.com - 100 % 2. hikmatlar.uz ( 1 , 2 ) - 100 % 3. ok.ru - 100 % 4. xs.uz - 100 % 5. hozir.org - 100 % 6. mt.uz - 100 % 7. idea.uzedu.uz - 100 % 8. kun.uz - 100 % 9. saviya.uz - 100 % 10. m.facebook.com - 100 % 11. globalresearchnetwork.us - 50 % Begali Qosimov It is no exaggeration to say that these works are aimed not only at imparting knowledge, but also at educating. At this point, it is worth mentioning that art people paid special attention to the life of Allama Adib. The images of Awlani in fiction appeared in the poetic novel "Baqi Dunya" by the national writer of Uzbekistan Muhammad Ali and the short stories "Kaldirgoch" by the national writer of Uzbekistan Tahir Malik. During the years of independence, the study of the life and work of Abdulla Avloni, and the republishing of his works intensified. A monument to the writer was erected on Adiblar Avenue. Cinematographers shot the feature film "Avloniy" and showed it to our people. In 2020, Abdulla Avloni was awarded the Order of “Merit”. 1. zienjournals.com - 100 % CHAPTER II CONVERSION AND SHORTENING AS PRODUCTIVE WAYS OF FORMING LEXICAL UNITS 2.1 Value of Children’s Literature and Students’ Opinions Regarding Their Favourite Books In this study, children’s literature was defined according to a review of the related literature. The value and positive effects of children’s literature on children were discussed and opinions of 2nd grade elementary school students’ regarding their most and least favourite books were investigated. Participants consisted of 15 students enrolled in elementary school near the city centre of Ankara, Turkey. The research data were obtained from semi-structured interviews with participating students as well as students’ book scoring forms used to rate 25 books provided to them. First, students’ scoring forms were reviewed and analyzed to determine their choices. Next, interviews were conducted with students regarding the reasons for their book selections. Data obtained from the student interviews were evaluated through content analysis. Finally, according to the students’ responses, the characteristics that made up their most and least favorite books were explained for the educators and parents. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % 2. eric.ed.gov - 100 % 3. ijpe.inased.org - 100 % Students frequently mentioned internal features, especially the characters and plot of the story, as the primary reasons for determining their most and least favourite storybooks. Also, it was shown in the findings that having characters that were animals, good-hearted, and/or funny as well as having action and adventure within the stories made the storybooks the children’s most favourite. Whereas not having action, being boring, and/or having unsolved problems within the stories as well as being short or having unknown words and expressions made the storybooks the children’s least favourite. The concept of children’s literature emerged in the first half of the 20th century, and nowadays, children’s literature has become accepted as an important tool for supporting language development and creativity among preschool and primary school students. Children’s literature can be defined as good-quality trade books varying from prose and poetry to fiction and nonfiction, which are written for children from the ages of birth to adolescence as well as prepared according to the developmental characteristics of children within each age group (Şimşek & Yakar, 2014). 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % 2. eric.ed.gov - 100 % 3. ijpe.inased.org - 100 % 4. sciencedirect.com - 32 % The value of children’s literature for young children is both personal and academic. Some of the personal values children’s literature includes are providing joy to children, increasing their imagination and creativity, and allowing them to have vicarious experiences. While it can be argued that the academic value of children’s literature comes from increasing students reading and writing skills as well as informing them about content area knowledge. Thus, children’s books are perceived as educational materials where information and knowledge can be presented to them from a wide range of topics both personal and academic. It was indicated in the related literature that bringing children together with qualified children’s books at an early age has positive effects on them in a variety of different areas. For example, according to İpek Yükselen and Bencik Kangal (2011), children’s literature can even help children to learn colours. Also, children’s literature can be especially helpful in early childhood education for teaching concepts. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % Additionally, children’s interaction with literature is essential since books contribute to children’s language development as well as addresses their literary needs (Dursunoğlu, 2007; Galda & Cullinan, 2003; Hayran & Beydoğan, 2017). Adults who share books with children allow students to see books as print models and learn about the style and content of various genres. Importantly, children can use their experiences of seeing and talking about these samples of children’s literature while they are composing their own written texts. Furthermore, the written language awareness of children who interact with books, and their language development in general, are supported as well as their creativity can increase (Galda & Cullinan, 2003; McNair, 2011; Uzuner Yurt, 2014). Through children’s literature, children can learn the correct and appropriate use of adjectives, pronouns, plurals, and positive or negative expressions. Thus, by increasing their vocabulary it aids students in more easily expressing their feelings and thoughts. For example, children’s literature helps children to see appropriate examples of sentence structure as well as internalize correct sentence patterns (Dayıoğlu, 2000). 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % For this reason, finding exemplary children’s books without grammar and/or punctuation errors is extremely important, for example, students can internalize false use of language, spelling or punctuation mistakes. Also, children’s literature can help to improve children’s thinking skills, allow them to make comparisons between the stories they read, direct them to classify subjects, characters, and objects as well as allow them to conduct guessing and cause-and-effect relationships. Importantly, reading books increases students’ writing skills (Galda & Cullinan, 2003; McNair, 2011), and children’s literature can also improve children’s reasoning and problem-solving skills (Şimşek & Yakar, 2014). Retelling stories, such as talking about problem situations and events, characters’ behaviours, their decisions, motivations, and dialogues, can allow students to work on determining cause and effect relationships. They can also compare various plots, characters, and messages in different stories. Furthermore, children’s literature can improve children’s listening skills as well as contribute to the shaping of their emotions, thoughts, and behaviours, which can aid them in getting to know themselves better (Işıtan & Gönen, 2007). 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % Through literary works, children also learn about abstract concepts such as kindness, sharing, love, and being helpful, which eventually contribute to the development of their personalities (Uzuner Yurt, 2014). Students are also provided the opportunity to have vicarious experiences through children’s literature. Through books children can feel the joy of going to a summer camp, participating in a competition, traveling the world, and so forth. Additionally, through the characters in various stories, children can learn about important values and desired personal traits. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % According to Koss (2015), through children’s literature, children receive cultural messages, values of the society they live in, and information regarding the world. Children interact with books about different countries and have the opportunity to recognise individuals different from themselves as well as others’ cultures and societies. Children’s storybooks have the unique feature of being a map that shows the child where he/she is and how he/she can experience different places. In other words, children can increase their awareness while reading books about other cultures, for example, they may gain information about discrimination explained within a book even though they have not experienced this for themselves (Kelli, 2018; Taylor, 2003). Harits and Chudy (2017), reiterate this function of children’s literature by stating that children’s literature can be mirror to children in terms of showing them who they are as well as clarifying their feelings, goals, and ideas. In addition, they can also be windows in which children learn about others’ feelings, customs, and experiences. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % Thus, realistic stories and novels encourage children to interact with the characters as well as help them to understand how the characters solve similar problems within their daily lives. As a result, it was shown through the related literature that children’s literature improves children’s imagination and creativity; supports students’ language development; enriches their vocabulary and raises awareness regarding a variety of topics. Besides these features, children can also gather information about themselves, their daily experiences and problems, the people and things around them, and even societies and traditions from very distant places. In other words, through literary books children can experience situations and feelings that they do not have, can see the places they cannot see, and can meet people they do not know and experience in their daily lives. Although children’s literature does not have a direct role as a tutor for children, through its subject matter and messages, it provides an undisputed influence for sensing universal values such as empathy, love, and respect as well as being hardworking and helpful. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % Additionally, children’s literature can improve children’s imagination and creativity, supports the language development of students, enriches vocabulary, and creates awareness regarding the topics and presentation of literary products. Thus, through children’s literature young readers can experience the situations and feelings of people who they do not know and have not met in their daily lives. Research on Children’s Literature When the related literature in the field of children’s literature was examined, it was recognized that past research is primarily focused on the emotions of characters in children’s books (Alper & Deretarla Gül, 2011), characters’ clothing (Çınar, 2011), ratio of the male and female characters and traditional and untraditional roles of characters within the books (Gooden & Gooden, 2001; Oskamp, Kaufman, & Wolterbeek, 1996; Sever & Aslan, 2011), stereotypes of characters’ occupations (Çatalcalı Soyer, 2009), materials used by male and female characters and their actions (Bayraktar, Kürkçü Metinnam, & Metinnam, 2013; Crabb & Marciano, 2011) places the characters appeared (Oskamp, Kaufman, & Wolterbeek, 1996), effects of quality books on children (Hayran & Beydoğan, 2017), and children’s attitudes towards books (Harkrader & Moore, 1997). 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % In the process of learning to read and write as well as developing the habit of reading and writing, the use of children’s literature can be valuable in facilitating the learning process. In this context, picture storybooks can also be extremely effective teaching materials because they are normally affordable and easy to find as well as it is important that children have experiences listening to and reading stories from an early age. However, there are some points that should be taken into consideration in order for storybooks to be used effectively. As a result, the characteristics of effective children’s literature have been investigated in a variety of studies (Çakmak Güleç & Geçgel, 2006; Güleryüz, 2006; Karatay, 2014; Oğuzkan, 2000; Sever, 2013). Importantly, the characteristics of effective children’s literature are that they should be suitable for the life, emotion, and thinking worlds of children. According to Sever (2013), there should be no logical mistakes in the books; 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % gender discrimination and/or stereotypes should not be included; a supervisory and oppressive understanding should not be approved in the narration of the events; political and religious suggestions should not be International Journal of Progressive Education, Volume 17 Number 4, 2021; and there should be no messages that prevent the child from dreaming. According to Çakmak Güleç and Geçgel (2006), for a book to be selected for children it should have, “a simple but well planned subject, a slight surprise element in its subject, lots of direct conversations in it, repetitions, rhymes and phrases that children can memorize quickly, colourful and thoughtful language, cases from events that children know, simple but satisfying content, and characters that children can easily recognize”. Educators and researchers also provide important points to be considered when preparing and selecting children’s storybooks and place them under the titles of internal structure and external structure of children’s literature products (Güleryüz, 2006; 1. files.eric.ed.gov ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) - 100 % 2. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov - 50 % 3. ijpe.inased.org - 62.5 % Karatay, 2014; Oğuzkan, 2000; Sever, 2013). For example, the internal structure features of storybooks prepared and/or selected for children should be determined by the topic, character, environment, theme, message, and language and expression. While the external structural features of storybooks prepared and/or selected for children should be determined by the dimensions, covers, bindings, paper quality, page layout, and pictures. In a study that examined the internal and external features of 100 children’s books prepared for primary school children, Gönen, Katrancı, Uygun and Uçuş (2011), state that there is not a lot of variety in the sizes of children’s books, the use of bindings and covers is not strong, and the choice of subjects are limited. Additionally, in some books no message is provided to the children through the story and/or characters as well as there are grammatical errors. They emphasise that the messages provided through the books are primarily in the form of moral advice and/or are related to social rules, however, the rate of visuals in the examined children’s books is found to be quite high. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % Harkrader and Moore (1997), investigate students’ attitudes towards books and in their study, fourth graders state that they like reading fictional literature more than nonfiction. Also, boys prefer the main characters to be male, while girls prefer the main characters to be female. The female students queried, mention that they like reading about friendship, fairy tales, animal stories, mystery, adjustment, and historical fiction. While the boys on the other hand state that they do not like reading about fairy tales and friendship, but instead prefer to read about adventure and folk tales. Thus, it can be seen that girls and boys can have different attitudes towards the genres of books they prefer. Additionally, students can also have different interests in terms of having male or female characters as the main character of the story. For this reason, it could be said that investigating the reasons for students’ opinions, attitudes, and motivations for choosing and/or reading specific book themes, genres or characters needs to be given more attention and importance. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % Choosing books as qualified model learning materials is important for children’s development and learning, because students are affected by the content and quality of the books they read (Rudden & Nedeff, 1998). For example, in Hayran and Beydoğan (2017), in comparison to the students in the control group who read books they wanted to read, the students in the experimental group read qualified children’s books selected by the researchers and are found in the end to be more successful at providing examples, making comparisons, developing conclusions, interpreting text, summarizing, and providing explanations and classification. In other research, students’ literature preferences were heavily investigated (Akrofi, Janisch, Button, & Liu, 2010; Beach, 2015; Harkrader & Moore, 1997; Haynes & Richgels, 1992; Kauffman, 2005; Kragler, 2000; McNair, 2011; Mendoza, 1983; Mohr, 2006; Williams, 2008). For example, Kauffman (2005), investigates which story elements 3rd grade students find important for determining whether they like or dislike a story. Students read the summaries of nine stories and are asked to write a reflection about whether they like or dislike the stories including their reasons behind their choices. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % Then, the students’ responses are coded under five categories such as plot, character, theme, setting, and other. It is shown in the results that students use different story elements for deciding whether they like or dislike a story. For instance, characters and themes are the two most popular categories they mention regarding the stories they like. On the other hand, students mostly mention plot as the reason for not liking a story. It is also recognized that the stories most liked by students focus on friendship International Journal of Progressive Education, Volume 17 Number 4, 2021 © 2021 INASED 345 and appreciation. In another study, Beach (2015), investigates children’s and librarians’ opinions regarding more than five thousand children’s books and find that their favourites differ. For example, children mainly choose books about home and childhood experiences as well as prefer enjoyable plots and books about sports. Whereas librarians prefer plots related to school subjects and other important global issues. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % Unfortunately, there is a limited amount of research regarding Turkish students’ storybook preferences. Examples of research on this topic are Altunkaynak (2018), who examines 28 primary school students’ opinions regarding children’s storybooks, and finds that students prefer to have superheroes, cartoon characters, young characters, and famous people in the books they read. In addition, the students state they want characters in the books to be intelligent, curious, strong, good, hardworking, and cheerful. Also, they do not want to read about bad, stingy, and arrogant characters. The topics they prefer to be covered in the books they read from most to least are friendship, family, adventure, science fiction, religious subjects, love of animals, and nature consciousness. Ateş, Çetinkaya and Yıldırım (2012) examine what teachers, 4th and 5th grade students, and the students’ parents pay attention to when choosing books. The researchers determine that teachers and parents pay attention to similar criteria, while students’ priorities are different from the other groups. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % For example, the four most important criteria for teachers and parents are suitability according to the age and group level, the subject matter, students’ interests, and the language of expression. Parents emphasise the features of being educative and instructive as a fifth item, whereas teachers focus instead on the physical properties of the books. The five criteria that students find important are the text size, cover, pictures, physical characteristics of the book such as being solid, attractive, not having many pages as well as being suitable for their age level and interests. As a result, these findings highlight the importance of investigating children’s opinions regarding what they focus on when determining their favourite books. Children’s literature can not only be used to teach students how to read and write but can also help to increase their language, emotional, and cognitive skills. As previously stated students can learn about global values and become more skillful at problem solving as well as thinking critically and creatively. 1. files.eric.ed.gov - 100 % The elementary school years are an especially important time for younger students to gain strong reading habits as well as develop positive attitudes towards reading both inside and outside of school. For this reason, knowing students’ preferences when selecting books is important for educators because it is critical to encourage their students to interact with books so that the students’ can develop a habit and love of reading. According to students’ preferences for books, foreign literature often provides desirable characteristics that meet the students’ interests regarding children’s literature. However, which features children pay attention to when determining their favourite books has not been thoroughly investigated in Turkey. Thus, the purpose of this current study was to investigate how students determine their most and least favourite storybooks as well as which characteristics they pay attention to when selecting storybooks. There are several recommendations that can be provided based on the research findings of this current study as well as the Download 168.13 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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