Copyright 1996

parts of Africa, rainfall is a very unreliable
the development of power sources for water
provider of such water For example, in
pumping (Hofkes and Visscher, 1986), for
Zimbabwe, Mupawose (1984) states that
many people in rural Africa the use of human
unreliable rainfall and the incidence of mid-
energy remains the only practical option
season drought represent the single most
(Lambert and Faulkner, 1991) In recent years
critical uncertainty facing the Zimbabwean
there have been significant improvements in
farmer today
the design of handpumps for community use
However, community water points still suffer
While staple foods such as maize and nee
breakdowns and attempts to remedy this,
produced during the rainy season can be
through community managed pump
stored for consumption in the dry season, the
maintenance schemes, are still far from
same is not true of vegetables and fruit which
universally successful
are essential for good nutrition Since the early
part of this century, the answer to the problem
The problems of community management
of inadequate rainfall has been through the
could be avoided through the promotion of
provision of conventional irrigation schemes
household supplies, where these are feasible

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An example of such a strategy in Zimbabwe is 
identify suitable water-lifting devices. Almost 
(he program of upgrading family wells (Mtero 
all existing human powered pumps tested 
and Chimbunde, 1991). However, most of the 
could not supply water at more than about 0.3 
pumps developed for community use are 
litres per second, which is not sufficient for 
either not available to individual households or 
irrigation. Two designs were finally selected as 
are too expensive. 
the most promising for further development, 
In recognition of the need for simple water- 
the rope-washer and the treadle (Lambert and 
lifting technology, research was carried out to
Faulkner, 1991).
n. Modification for unlmed ponds or streams. 
Questions 28-30 
Read the following statements. According to the information in the reading 
passage, if the statement is true, write T, if the statement is false, write F, and if 
there is no information about the statement in the reading passage, write NI. 
Write your answers in the spaces numbered 28-30 on the answer sheet. One has 
been done for you as an example. 
Example: 
The difficulty in finding water in Africa is highly publicised. 
Answer:
T
28. Government agencies only consider dams and rivers as sources of water. 
29. The pumps will help African villagers develop small industrial projects. 
30. Most of the experimental work has been done in Zimbabwe and Kenya. 

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Questions 31-36 
In the section after the subheading, The need for water, there are 7 references 
cited. Questions 31-36 list 6 of the references. Below is a list of statements A-K 
which are supported by the references. Match each reference (Questions 31-36) 
with its corresponding statement. Write the answers A-K, in the spaces numbered 
31-36 on the answer sheet. One has been done for you as an example. 
There are more statements than references so you won't use them all. 
Example : 
Answer.
Lambert and Faulkner, 1991 
K
31. Mupawose, 1984 
32. Morris and Thorn, 1990 
33. Wright, 1986; Arlosoroff et al, 1984; Bell et al, 1987 
34. Hofkes and Visscher, 1986 
35. Lambert and Faulkner, 1991 
36. Mtero and Chimbunde, 1991 
List of statements 
A Dams usually take up a lot of land so that farmers have to move somewhere 
else.
B
There has been little success with irrigation projects.
C
It is important to have an adequate water supply.
D Human power is still cheaper and more readily available.
E
Rainfall is too little and too irregular when most needed.
F
Building dams has helped improve health.
G There is a plan to improve individual domestic wells.
H
Experiments have been done to provide energy to pump water.
I
Most families cannot afford to buy pumps.
J
The design of hand pumps has improved lately.
K The rope washer and treadle will help solve the problem.

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Questions 37-43 
Below is a paragraph explaining the design and development of the water pump., 
Trere are some words missing from the paragraph. From the list of words below 
select ONE correct word for each space. Write your answers in the spaces 
numbered 37-43 on the answer sheet. 
Pump design and development 
The principle of the rope-washer pump is very old? Dating back to ancient Rome and 
China/ A pipe extends from the surface down to below the water 37. ___________. 
A loop of rope with washers attached is pulled by a 38. _______________ up 
through the pipe. Attached to the rope at intervals are washers travel up 40. 
________________ the pipe, they draw water with them which discharges at the top 
of the pipe. Historically the pulley was fashioned from wood or steel with teeth to 
41. _____________ the washers on the rope. Considerable 42. ___________ was 
needed to make a pulley capable of pulling a wet and slippery rope which was under 
tension from the 43. _________________ of water in the pipe. 
grip 
height 
level 
length 
inside 
diameter 
skill 
weight 
tension 
centre 
pulley 
handle 
size 
depth 
Over 
Strength 
Middle 
Pump 
List of words

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READING TEST 3 
QUESTIONS 1-17 
You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-17 which refer to 
Reading 
Passage 1 below 
READING PASSAGE 1