D. V. Demidov
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Mp
distribution and complementary distribution. The morphs are
said to be in contrastive distribution if they express different meanings in identical environments the compared morphs, e.g.: He started laughing – He starts laughing; such morphs constitute different morphemes. The morphs are said to be in non- contrastive distribution if they express identical meaning in identical environments; such morphs constitute ‗free variants‘ of the same morpheme, e.g.: learned – learnt, ate [et] – ate [eit] (in Russian: трактора – тракторы). The morphs are said to be in complementary distribution if they express identical meanings in different environments, e.g.: He started laughing – He stopped laughing; such morphs constitute variants, or allo- morphs of the same morpheme. [17, p. 56] The allo- morphs of the plural morpheme -(e)s [s], [z], [iz] stand in phonemic complementary distribution; the allo- morph – en, as in oxen, stands in morphemic complementary distribution with the other allo- morphs of the plural morpheme. Besides these traditional types of morphemes, in Descriptive Linguistics distributional morpheme types are 35 distinguished; they immediately correlate with eac h other in the following pairs. On the basis of the degree of self-dependence, ―free‖ morphemes and ―bound‖ morphemes are distinguished. Bound morphemes cannot form words by themselves, they are identified only as component segmental parts of words. As different from this, free morphemes can build up words b y themselves, i.e. can be used ―freely‖. For instance, in the word handful the root hand is a free morpheme, while the suffix -ful is a bound morpheme. There are very few productive bound morphemes in the morphological system of English. Being extremely narrow, the list of them is complicated by the relations of homonymy. These morphemes are the following: 1) the segments -(e)s [-z, -s, -iz]: the plural of nouns, the possessive case of nouns, the third person singular present of verbs; 2) the segments -(e)d [-d, -t, -id]: the past and past Download 0.73 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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