Day 19 reading passage 2
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Bog'liqDAY 19 PASSAGE 2
DAY 19 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-16, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below The shape of bird eggs A A sandpiper’s egg is shaped like a teardrop, an owl’s looks a bit like a golf ball, and a hummingbird’s resembles a tiny bean. Now, for the first time, scientists in the US have come up with a convincing explanation for this variation. Princeton University evolutionary biologist Mary Stoddard has long been fascinated by the fact that eggs are so diverse in shape even though they all basically serve one function: nourish and protect the developing chick inside. She recently headed and interdisciplinary team of evolutionary biologists, computer scientists, mathematicians and physicists, with the expectation of bringing together different ways of looking at bird egg shapes and achieving a better understanding of them. B Fortunately, over the past century, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California, Berkeley has amassed thousands of egg shells from 1,400 species, representing about 14% of all birds, and put digital photos of them online. Using this database, Stoddard and her team at Princeton University wrote a computer program, which they called Eggxtractor, that can select the image of any egg and calculate it length, width and shape. The team used these calculations to determine how far from perfectly spherical each of nearly 50,000 eggs in their sample was – that is, how pointed or elongated each was. C Next, the research team attempted to answer how and why eggs might have acquired these varying shapes. Rather than looking at the outer hard shell, as one might expect, the researchers conc entrated on the egg’s soft thin inner membrane, which is, in fact, essential in fixing the egg’s shape. Stoddard worked with Harvard University physicist L.Mahadevan and Ee Hou Yong of China’s Nanyang Technological University to devise a mathematical repre sentation based on the membrane’s properties and how much pressure it received from the unhatched chick within the egg. They then used their model to create many different egg shapes by altering the membrane’s stiffness and changing the pressure. ‘Adjusting these [features] allows us to generate the entire diversity of egg shapes that we observe in nature,’ Stoddard says. D When Stoddard and her colleagues made a diagram showing the relationship between some 1,000 bird species, they realized that members of each closely associated species tended to lay eggs with the same characteristic shape. The researchers then investigated why egg shapes might be so spectacularly diverse. Some scientists had previously believed that the shape might depend on nest location: cliff-nesting birds, it was thought, lay pointed eggs so that if the eggs are knocked, they spin in a circle rather than rolling of the cliff. Other scientists suggested that birds lay eggs in shapes that pack together most economically in a nest. Stoddard and her researchers found neither of these hypotheses to be persuasive. Download 100.73 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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