Devision of linguistic typology Done by: Sapayeva Mashhura

Devision of linguistic typology

Done by: Sapayeva Mashhura

Plan
1. Genetic typology
2. Areal typology
3. Comparative typology
4. Structural typology
5. Semantic typology
Genetic typology deals with the languages which are genetically related both synchronically and diachronically. As an independent branch of linguistic typology it is characterized by the following features:
Difference to system closeness. It means that language under comparison should belong to the same structural type.
Difference to the genetic closeness. It means that only genetically related languages can be compared.
Genetic typology may be of two types:
1) genetic diachronic; 2) genetic synchronic.
Diachronic approach deals with the comparison of genetically related languages in the course of time or in their development. For example, it can compare the development of morphological categories of the noun in English and in German starting with the ancient period up to nowadays.
Genetic synchronic typology deals with the comparison of genetically related languages within a certain synchronic period.

• Areal typology. This branch of linguistic typology deals with geographically limited number of languages. As a branch of linguistic typology it is characterized by:
• 1. Indifference to system closeness.
• 2. Indifference to genetic closeness.
• 3. Identity of etic units: possibility of identity of emic units.
• 4. Possibility of deep surface identity.
• 5. One level approach to comparison.
• 6. The limitation of etalon language by certain linguistic phenomenon, which is common to compared languages.
• To the basic tasks of areal typology we can refer study of dialects, compiling dialectal dictionaries, maps, study degree of certain linguistic phenomenon, borrowings, neologisms, archaisms and so on.

• Comparative typology. This branch of linguistic typology is characterized by:
• Indifference to system closeness.
• Indifference to the genetic closeness.
• Areal non-limitation of languages
• Possibility of deep and surface identity
• Indifference to etic-emic identity
• Minimal etalon language
• Cross level approach to comparison
• Content approach to comparison
• Possibility of perfectness of typological operations.

• Thus comparative typology is one of the independent branches of linguistic typology. It deals with limited number of languages and also defines typological likeness and unlikeness of languages belonging to different genetic groups.

Structural typology is one of the basic branches of linguistic typology, which deals with systematization and summarizing some general linguistic facts and establishing language universals. Structural typology operates with genetically, structurally and really non-limited languages and it`s characterized by the open list of languages.
Structural typology consists of the following branches:
1. Linguistic universals
2. Etalon Language
3. Typologycal classification
4. Typological theory
Linguistic universals. Under this term scholars understand certain phenomenon or regularity, which is common to all languages of the word or to their absolute majority.
Etalon language. It is a linguistic means with the help of which scholar fulfil the process of comparing of languages. The notion of etalon language is quite new and the full theoretical basis has not developed yet.