Differences in iq and Memory of Monolingual/Bilingual Children who Suffered a tbi

Delayed Memory 
A paired samples t-test was conducted to assess whether significant differences 
existed between a bilingual’s delayed verbal memory at Time 1 (3 month) and at Time 2 
(12 month) and their delayed nonverbal memory at Time 1 and at Time 2. Bilinguals 
delayed nonverbal memory score at Time 2 was significantly higher compared to their 
delayed nonverbal memory score at Time 1. The same pattern of a significant difference 
with a better performance at Time 2 is occurring with delayed nonverbal memory as was 
seen with immediate nonverbal memory. On average, bilingual TBI participants had 
significantly lower delayed verbal memory scores compared to their delayed visual 
memory scores at Time 2. The same patterns with both immediate and delayed memory 
appear to be present. There appears to be significant recovery with nonverbal memory 
and some recovery with verbal but not a significant amount. Whether it is immediate or 
delayed memory the verbal memory appears to flatten or plateau between the 3 month 
and 12 month. The pattern of delayed verbal memory being so significantly impacted has 
been found before in the literature with pediatric TBI. Specifically, children with TBI had 
significantly worse scores on immediate and delayed verbal memory tasks and immediate 
recall of a nonverbal memory task. However, the TBI sample performed as well as the 
matched controls on a task of delayed visual recall (Lowther and Mayfield, 2004). In 
fact, it has been found that verbal memory appears to be the most impacted score in 
pediatric TBI (Jonsson, Smedler, Ljungmark, & Emanuelson, 2009; & Wirsen and 

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Ingvar, 1991). Verbal memory and delayed verbal memory appear to be the most 
impacted cognitive domain when looking at memory and ability in pediatric TBI.