病：disease, illness, more individually 疾病预防：Disease prevention

• 病：disease, illness, more individually

• 疾病预防：Disease prevention

• 疫：Epidemic, communicable disease, more population based (瘟疫 plague)

• 防疫：Epidemic prevention

• 免疫：Immunity, Vaccination

• 疫苗：Vaccine

Identify the pathogens - Germ Theory

• Identify the pathogens - Germ Theory

• Effective therapy – Vaccine and Antibiotics

• Prevention and control - Public Health System

De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis (On infection and infectious diseases,1546)

• De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis (On infection and infectious diseases,1546)

• He proposed that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable tiny particles or "spores" that could transmit infection by direct or indirect contact or even without contact over long  distances.

Created germ theory of disease, (germ theory vs miasma theory and spontaneous generation)

• Created germ theory of disease, (germ theory vs miasma theory and spontaneous generation)

• Created the first vaccine for rabies 

• Invented Pasteurizaion

• Is regarded as one of the three main founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch.

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (1843-1910）

• Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (1843-1910）

• German physician

• Isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and the Vibrio cholera (1883)

• Development of Koch’s postulates

• He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905.

The very first virus discovered is credited to the St. Petersburg Academy of Science on the 12th February 1892 by Dmitri Iwanowsky a Russian botanist. While studying mosiac tobacco disease, he found that the agent causing the disease was small enough for pass though ceramic filter that are small enough to trap all bacteria. This is generally accepted as the beginning of Virology.

• The very first virus discovered is credited to the St. Petersburg Academy of Science on the 12th February 1892 by Dmitri Iwanowsky a Russian botanist. While studying mosiac tobacco disease, he found that the agent causing the disease was small enough for pass though ceramic filter that are small enough to trap all bacteria. This is generally accepted as the beginning of Virology.

1898, Dutch scientist Martinus Beijernick confirmed Iwanowski's results on tobacco mosaic virus.

• 1898, Dutch scientist Martinus Beijernick confirmed Iwanowski's results on tobacco mosaic virus.

• He developed with the term "contagium vivum fluidum" which means “soluble living germ” as first the idea of the virus.

1898 German scientist Loeffler and Frosch discovered Foot-and-mouth disease virus

• 1898 German scientist Loeffler and Frosch discovered Foot-and-mouth disease virus

• 1911, Rous discovered Rous sarcoma virus

• 1915-1917, Twort and d’Herelle discovered bacteriophage

Spherical

• Spherical

• Rod-shaped

• Brick-shaped

With the same principle Von Behring and Kitasato developed tetanus antitoxin

• With the same principle Von Behring and Kitasato developed tetanus antitoxin

• Von Behring won the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for developing

• serum therapy against 

• diphtheria and tetanus

Paul Ehrich intended to find the magic bullet against microorganism from chemical dyes

• Paul Ehrich intended to find the magic bullet against microorganism from chemical dyes

• In 1909 he and his student  Hata Sahachiro (秦佐八郎） developed a arsenical compounds Salvarsan (Arsphenamine ，606）, which is effective against syphilis

• Ehrlich received the Nobel Prize for Medicine together with Mechnikov in 1908

Domagk found f red dye Prontosil and its derivant sulfonamide to be effective against streptococcus, and treated his own daughter Alice with it, saving her the amputation of an arm.

• Domagk found f red dye Prontosil and its derivant sulfonamide to be effective against streptococcus, and treated his own daughter Alice with it, saving her the amputation of an arm.

• Prontosil became the first commercially available antibacterial agent

Afterward a series of sulfonamides were synthesized and sulfonamides became a revolutionary weapon at the time, but were later replaced by penicillin

• Afterward a series of sulfonamides were synthesized and sulfonamides became a revolutionary weapon at the time, but were later replaced by penicillin

• Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

 Flaming discovered the antibiotic penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum in 1928, and published in 1928

•  Flaming discovered the antibiotic penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum in 1928, and published in 1928

1939, biochemist Ernst Chain (1906-1979）and pathologist Howard Florey (1898-1968） took up researching and mass producing it with funds from the U.S and British governments.

• 1939, biochemist Ernst Chain (1906-1979）and pathologist Howard Florey (1898-1968） took up researching and mass producing it with funds from the U.S and British governments.

• They started mass production after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. When D-day arrived they had made enough penicillin to treat all the wounded allied forces.

• Feb 12,1941, penicilline was first applied clinically

• Penicillin was referred as one of three major invents during the World War II (Atom bomb, Radar and Penicillin)

Waksman performing research in soil bacteriology in Rutgers University

• Waksman performing research in soil bacteriology in Rutgers University

• Waksman and his team discovered

• several antibiotics, including actinomycin

• clavacin, streptomycin, neomycin and others. 

• Of these streptomycin was the first

• antibiotic that could be used to cure

• the disease tuberculosis

• (1943)

The details and credit for the discovery of its use as the antibiotic streptomycin were strongly contested by one of Waksman's graduate students, Albert Schatz, and resulted in litigation. The litigation ended with a substantial settlement for Schatz and the official decision that Waksman and Schatz would be considered co-discoverers of streptomycin. Schatz made the discovery while working in Waksman's basement lab, and using Waksman's equipment

• The details and credit for the discovery of its use as the antibiotic streptomycin were strongly contested by one of Waksman's graduate students, Albert Schatz, and resulted in litigation. The litigation ended with a substantial settlement for Schatz and the official decision that Waksman and Schatz would be considered co-discoverers of streptomycin. Schatz made the discovery while working in Waksman's basement lab, and using Waksman's equipment

After the discovery of penicillin and streptomycin, more antibiotics were isolated from the soil, upon 1960s more than 600 antibiotics were available in practice

• After the discovery of penicillin and streptomycin, more antibiotics were isolated from the soil, upon 1960s more than 600 antibiotics were available in practice

• Thanks of discovery and application of antibiotics severe bacterial infection has no longer a incurable disease and the average life expectancy increased by 10 year leading to the therapeutic revolution.。

Early religions attempted to regulate behavior that specifically related to health, from types of food eaten, to regulating certain indulgent behaviors, such as drinking alcohol or sexual relations. 

• Early religions attempted to regulate behavior that specifically related to health, from types of food eaten, to regulating certain indulgent behaviors, such as drinking alcohol or sexual relations. 

• Rome：water supply and sewage system, public bath and public toilet

• After plague outbreak in Middle Ages: clearance, sanitation, removing bodies of the dead, burning parts of the city and quarantine system

• 1848 passed British Public Health Act

• 1946 CDC was founded in US (Communicable Disease Center-1980 Centers of Disease Control)

An English social reformer, noted for his work to reform the Poor Laws and improve sanitary conditions and public health

• An English social reformer, noted for his work to reform the Poor Laws and improve sanitary conditions and public health

• 1842, Chadwick proposed 'Report into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain'

• 1848 British parliament passed the British Public Health Act

• People found him rude and dictatorial. Some said that they would rather take their chance with cholera than be told what to do by Chadwick!

Public health is “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals.” (1920, C. E.A. Winslow)

• Public health is “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals.” (1920, C. E.A. Winslow)

• The goal of public health is to improve lives through the prevention and treatment of disease. The WHO defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

Prevention of infectious diseases and other diseases through primary, secondary, tertiary prevention

• Prevention of infectious diseases and other diseases through primary, secondary, tertiary prevention

• Changing health behavior, improving diet and nutrition through health education and health promotion

• Improving environment including living environment and occupational environment

• Reproduction health

• Epidemilogical survey, disease surveillance, statistics, research and education