Достижения вузовской науки 2023
Key words: anglicisms, foreign vocabulary, English borrowings
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Key words: anglicisms, foreign vocabulary, English borrowings
In recent years, we keep hearing about summits, briefings, inaugurations, defaults, escalation of con- flicts, consensus, and so on. The Russian language has always been open to borrowings, being oriented to- wards Western culture, which caused penetration of numerous borrowings from various languages into it. Nowadays, Russian language has over 1,000 anglicisms, officially recognized by most censorious Russian dictionaries. Well-known examples of Anglicisms in modern Russian are "tineidjer" - teenager; "kreativ" - crea- tive; "golkiper" - goalkeeper; "uikend" - weekend; "horor" - horror movie; "hendmeid" - handmade; "luzer"- loser. The goal of this paper is to analyze the origin and characteristics of borrowings. Anglicism is a borrowing from the English vocabulary. Russian language has been experiencing pene- tration of anglicisms since the beginning of the 19th century, but their flow into Russian vocabulary remained weak until the 1990s, when widespread borrowing of words without relevant names in Russian began in com- puter terminology and business vocabulary; besides Russian words were replaced with English ones to ex- press positive or negative meaning. Words borrowed from English began to appear in many languages of the world because people began 196 ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ ВУЗОВСКОЙ НАУКИ 2023 международный научно-исследовательский конкурс | МЦНС «НАУКА И ПРОСВЕЩЕНИЕ» to travel more, the Internet appeared, ties between countries developed, cultural exchange intensified, English became an international language of communication. Variation is inherent in the English language, wherefore it is actively used as a tool in professional and everyday communication between national communities, mostly in information technology and on the Internet. Development of information technology and the Internet that unites computer users around the world triggered expansion of the English language. Current language situa- tion can be characterized as a period of "technologization" of the communication language: thanks to intensive use of the Internet in all spheres of life, English is used widely. Experts argue that the Internet is an integral part of culture, which ceased to be a purely technical professional sphere, since all members of society cannot do without it. Hence expansion of the computer and the Internet led to borrowing words from English to ex- press new concepts. For example, in Russian we have such terms as "gadjet" (from the English gadget), "server" (from the English server), "vebsait" and "vebmaster" "draiver" (from English driver), "em pe tri" players (from English MP3 player) and even such action verbs as "laiknut'", "chatit'sia", "zachekinit'sia" (from the Eng- lish like, chat, check in), etc. [1; 235-236] Most young people use English borrowings in oral and written speech. One of the reasons is the fact that it is easier to express an idea using an anglicism. Usually borrowed words are used in a relaxed atmos- phere and during communication in social networks; few use borrowing with family and relatives or in official speech, However, sometimes you can’t do without English words. [2; 606] About 15% of English borrowings are words that appeared in the Russian language as a result of naming a new thing or concept. Let's consider the spheres and the reasons for their occurrence. 1. For example, a large variety of cosmetics, previously unknown to a Russian-speaking person, caused borrowing of words from the English language such as: "meikap" - make-up, "konsiler" - concealer or pencil- corrector, "piling" - peeling cream, removing the upper layer of the skin, "lifting" - lifting cream, tightening the skin. 2. Due to spread of western films in the Russian language, such borrowings as "blokbaster" - block- buster, "triler" - thriller, "kiborg" - cyborg appeared. 3. Along with the previously borrowed word "sandwich", words that specify this meaning of word ap- peared in the speech of a Russian person - "hamburger", "cheeseburger", "chickenburger". These and similar words came rather not as a necessity, but as a borrowing of culture. McDonald's was positioned as an Ameri- can company. It was fashionable, so they didn't translate the names of the burgers. 4. It is worth highlighting another sphere of activity, which has greatly expanded our vocabulary - this is the computer and the Internet generated by it. Words such as printer, cartridge, file, website, provider, server, monitor, modem and many others are becoming increasingly common. 5. Another reason for borrowing anglicisms is a tendency to replace the Russian descriptive phrase with a single word. For example, second-hand replaces the "used clothes", inauguration - the inauguration ceremo- ny of the president of the country, showroom - an exhibition hall for displaying samples of goods, teenager - boy or girl from 13 to 18 years, quiz - radio or TV game of questions and answers, sniper - instead of "marks- man", motel - instead of "hotel for motorists". [3; 299-300] In English borrowings, there are several elements that have a clear structural distinctiveness and meaning. • suffix "ing" - has the meaning of action on the verb - in the Russian language, a large number of words with this suffix is borrowed (marketing, bowling, leasing, and so on). • suffix "meiker" from "maker" - the one who performs the action matters (football playmaker, newsmak- er, beatmaker, clipmaker and image maker). • suffix "geit" from "gate" - meaning: a scandal related to any person or state (Watergate, Gerangate, Monikagate, Panamagate). • suffix "ist" - characterizes a person from various sides: in relation to the object or occupation, by field of activity, by inclination, etc. (pianist, journalist, and so on). • suffix "er" - noun suffix (poster, biker, toaster, speaker). • suffix "beln", "abeln", "ibeln" from able - meaning having ability, quality (comfortable, transportable, presentable). • prefix "super" in the meaning of "over" forms words and on the basis of Russian words (supermarket, superhero, superstar, and so on). |
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