Eeg, ecg, emg


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1. Atrial
depolarization 
2. Ventricular 
depolarization 
3. Ventricular repolarization 


Electrocardiography 
• The heart is an electrical organ, and its activity 
can be measured non-invasively 
• Wealth of information related to: 
– The electrical patterns proper 
– The geometry of the heart tissue 
– The metabolic state of the heart 
• Standard tool used in a wide-range of medical 
evaluations 


ECG principle 


Cardiac Electrical Activity 


ECG basics 
• Amplitude: 1-5 mV 
• Bandwidth: 0.05-100 Hz 
• Largest measurement error sources: 
– Motion artifacts 
– 50/60 Hz powerline interference 
• Typical applications: 
– Diagnosis of ischemia 
– Arrhythmia 
– Conduction defects 


12-Lead ECG measurement 

Most widely used ECG measurement setup in clinical environment 

Signal is measured non-invasively with 9 electrodes 

Lots of measurement data and international reference databases 

Well-known measurement and diagnosis practices 

This particular method was adopted due to historical reasons, now it is already 
rather obsolete 
Einthoven leads: I, II & III 
Goldberger augmented leads: V
R
, V
L
& V
F
Precordial leads: V
1
-V



15 
EINTHOVENS TRIANGLE 


Why is 12-lead system obsolete? 
• Over 90% of the heart’s electric activity can be explained
with a dipole source model 
 Only 3 orthogonal components need to be measured,
which makes 9 of the leads redundant 
• The remaining percentage, i.e. nondipolar components,
may have some clinical value 
• 12-lead system does, to some extend, enhance pattern
recognition and gives the clinician a few more projections
to choose from 
…but…. 
• If there was no legacy problem with current
systems, 12-lead system would’ve been
discarded ages ago 



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