Emerging Markets How Do Economies Grow?
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How Do Economies Grow
Emerging Markets How Do Economies Grow? by Bruce R. Scott From the Magazine (May–June 1997) 1997 Index of Economic Freedom, Kim R. Holmes, Bryan T. Johnson, and Melanie Kirkpatrick, editors (Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation, 1997). A few decades ago, policymakers in Washington and other Western capitals believed that they could hasten economic progress in poor countries with extensive aid and investment programs. They encouraged private companies to invest as well, but they believed that only governments could assemble enough capital to jump-start disadvantaged economies. Much of the money that was poured into those countries, however, went into grandiose but unproductive projects, propping up over-valued currencies and enriching corrupt officials. After dismal failures in Latin America, Africa, and southern Asia, the political will in much of the West has moved increasingly to the opposite strategy of letting poor countries fix themselves. More and more analysts now say that economic freedom is the main driver of economic development. Executives looking for growth opportunities abroad, they argue, should ask the same questions about the investment climate that they ask in more familiar settings: How high are the taxes? What regulations and licenses will we have to worry about? How easy is it to send goods and profits back and forth? For the past three years, the Heritage Foundation has made these and other calculations easier with its Index of Economic Freedom, an annual assessment of almost all the countries of the world. The Wall Street Journal joined the effort this year, making an expanded edition possible and ensuring broader readership. The new edition, which compiles reports from several authors, claims more confidently than ever that the prosperous countries of the world got that way—and are getting more so—by letting markets do the work. The editors write that “although there are many theories about the origins and causes of economic development, the findings of this study are conclusive: Those countries with the most economic freedom have higher rates of economic development than those with less economic freedom.” Undoubtedly, economic growth does depend on a degree of economic freedom, and under some circumstances, more freedom will promote additional growth. But the paths to growth that countries take are much more complicated than the Index indicates. In the case of newly prospering countries, the Index confuses cause and effect: freedom is more often the result than the cause of development. With regard to countries already rich, the book starts from a faulty assumption that growth is all that their citizens should care about. The Index is hardly a straightforward report of scientific research. Government as an Economic Driver The Index of Economic Freedom is based on a composite of ten crude, mostly quantitative indicators: tariff rates, taxation, government’s share of output, inflation (a proxy for monetary policy), limits on foreign investment, banking restrictions, wage and price controls, property rights, general business regulation, and the extent of the black market. It is easy to quibble with the judgments behind these categories (for example, the Index says nothing about laws preventing workers from organizing), but in some instances, the book makes useful modifications to its chosen indicators. Japan, for example, has low tariffs, but because of its high nontariff barriers, the country gets downgraded a notch. The individual country evaluations may well be a handy introductory guide to unfamiliar countries or even a checklist with which to review countries that readers think they know reasonably well. The book combines ratings in each category into a single score for every country and then ranks the countries accordingly. The rankings have a certain plausibility, given the criteria. Hong Kong, Singapore, and Bahrain are at the top in terms of economic freedom, and Cuba, Laos, and North Korea are at the bottom. English-speaking countries such as New Zealand (fourth), the United States (fifth), and the United Kingdom (seventh) rank well ahead of European welfare states such as Belgium (fifteenth), Germany (twentieth), Sweden (twenty-seventh), and France (thirty-first). But the measures for Japan, even as modified, illustrate the limitations of the Index. The country receives a high ranking (eleventh) in part because its government consumes less of national output and owns fewer enterprises than does the government of comparable industrial countries. But Japanese regulation of retail prices apparently did not attract the editors’ notice. Moreover, the editors do not let the absence of a market for acquiring control of entire companies hold the country back from the highest rating for property rights. At the heart of the book, though, is its manipulation of the data. Clinging to scientific pretensions, it finds “statistically significant relationships (at the 99% confidence level)” between the rankings in the 1997 Index and country-by-country levels of economic growth since 1976. There may well be a close correlation between freedom and growth, but one does not produce the other. A high level of economic freedom today is more likely to be the result of good economic performance in preceding decades than to be the cause of that good performance. It would have been far more reasonable to use freedom ratings for 1976 to explain subsequent growth. Download 259.6 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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