Emperor International Journal of Finance and Management Research


Effect of Digitalization on Import and Export


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Effect of Digitalization on Import and Export 
12 
Emperor International Journal of Finance and Management Research 
countries hiring workers in low-income countries. For example, India is the largest 
destination for outsourced contracts, and the US is the largest spender. But, the virtual 
labour flows enabled by such platforms are rapidly spreading to new countries, such as 
the Philippines, and changing direction, with an increasing number of companies based 
in emerging markets hiring freelance talent in other countries 
 
V. REFERENCE 
1. Asian Development Bank (2015). Aid for Trade in Asia and the Pacific: Thinking 
forward about Trade Costs and the Digital Economy. Manila. Available from
2. Ahmed, U., and G. Andolas (2015). Addressing barriers to digital trade. E15 
initiative. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development 
and World Economic Forum. Available from
3. Bernier, I. (2012). Local content requirements for film, radio, and television as a 
means of protecting cultural diversity: theory and reality. Available from
4. Cimino-Isaacs, C., and J. Zilinsky (2016). Local content requirements: backdoor 
protectionism spreading under the radar. Trade and Investment Policy Watch, 22 
July. Washington D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics. Available 
from
5. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2016a). State of ICT in 
Asia and the Pacific 2016: uncovering the widening broadband divide. Technical 
Paper by the Information and Communications Technology and Disaster Risk 
Reduction 
Division. 
Bangkok: 
ESCAP. 
Available 
from 
www.unescap.org/resources/state-ict-asiaand-pacific-2016-uncovering-widening -
broadband-divide. (2016b). Harnessing Science, Technology and Innovation for 
Inclusive and Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific. Sales No. 
E.16.II.F.12.
6. European Commission (2016). Digital Single Market website. Available from
7. Fredriksson, T. (2013). E-commerce and development: key trends and issues. 
Presentation at the Workshop on E-Commerce, Development and SMEs, WTO, 
Geneva, 8-9 April. 

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