English for

Learners’ own answers.
Lesson 3 Citations and references
Time: 90 minutes
By the end of this lesson, learners will be able to
➡
analyse the content and structure of paragraphs in 
academic articles
➡
recognise different styles of referencing
➡
use different styles when citing sources 
➡
write lists of references
Lead-in
1 You can remind learners of the topic of Lesson 2 
(literature reviews). Draw their attention to the fact that 
in academic publications we often report what other 
researchers have discovered and written in their theses 
and articles. Elicit that it is important to know how to 
refer or to cite other researchers’ works in English. You 
may also ask learners if they have ever used citations and 
references in English.
Answers
1 summarise 2 cite 3 paraphrase 4 comment
5 reference 6 critique
6 Ask learners what helped them to match words with 
the definitions.
Answers
1 longevity
2 affect
3 encompassing
4 spouse
7 Comment on the importance of selecting proper words 
(usually, key words) for the title.
Answers
The actual title is: ‘Being Grateful: Does It Make Us Closer?
Gratitude, Attachment and Intimacy in Romantic Relationships’. 
Words from Text 2 to be included are: grateful, gratitude, romantic 
relationships. However, answers may vary and some other key 
words may also be suggested, e.g. benefits, feelings, emotions.
Language focus
8 Remind learners that in English there are various ways 
to form nouns from verbs. The most frequent suffixes 
for abstract nouns are: -ment, - tion, -sion. You may ask 
learners to give more examples.