A2.5 Common and proper nouns
We can make two important distinctions between types of noun. The first is between
common and proper nouns. Common nouns make up the great majority of nouns in
a language; they are the words we are mostly dealing with in this section and the rest
of the book, for example all the nouns in Activities A2.2 and A2.3 above. Proper nouns
are the ‘names’ of unique people, places, geographical features, organisations, and so
on; they have no lexical meaning (and generally do not appear in dictionaries). In writ
ing we can recognise proper nouns because they start with a capital letter, for example:
London, Leicester Square, Kilimanjaro, Microsoft, Congress, Fred Smith, India
One formal feature is that they tend to appear with no determiner or modification,
though actually the commonly precedes certain types of proper noun: rivers (the
Thames), mountain ranges (the Alps) and so on (and is also capitalised in a few cases:
The Hague, The Times). It is more accurate to say that proper nouns do not allow any
contrast in determiners. However, there are situations where they are found with
determiners or modification (or in the plural):
There are two Mark Browns in my class.
They say he’s the next Maradona.
He remembered an England of green fields and endless summers.
We say that these nouns have been converted into common nouns (even though the
capital letter is retained).
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