English Through Reading
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as
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[@pdfbooksyouneed] English Through Reading1
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A COLUMN B a) the state of being known to very few people b) show differences when compared; oppose c) very suddenly and to a great degree d) (of cotton, silk, wool, etc.) a single strand, or several strands twisted together, used for knitting or making cloth (two separate words) e) turning quickly around a central point f) kept in a place and not able to leave g) an iron-toothed instrument for combing wool, flax or other material h) a machine in which yarn or thread is woven into a fabric i) parallel to the horizon j) a pin or rod in a spinning wheel for twisting thread k) knotted together or intertwined in a confused mass I) turn over to upset, especially by accident m) turn round; to move around a center n) at 90 degrees to the horizon; standing or pointing upwards o) do an action based on something before 340 • ELS JAMES HARGREAVES The obscurity of James Hargreaves's life contrasts sharply with the worldwide influence of his invention, a yam-spinning machine called the spinning jenny. Almost nothing is known of his life. He was probably born in Blackburn in Lancashire, England. While still a boy, he became a carpenter and spinner in Standhill, a village nearby. At that time Lancashire was the centre of England's manufacture of cotton goods. The industry was still confined to workers' homes, however, and the cards, spinning wheels and looms were operated by hand. It is said that an accident gave Hargreaves the idea for his spinning jenny. In his crowded cottage, which served him both as home and workshop, he was experimenting with spinning two threads at one time. His experiments were unsuccessful, however, because the horizontal spindles allowed the threads to fly apart and become tangled. After his daughter Jenny overturned the experimental machine and its wheel continued to revolve with the spindles in a vertical position, it occurred to Hargreaves that a machine with spindles in this position might be successful. He proceeded to build a spinning machine, probably in 1764, that would spin eight threads at the same time. He called his new invention, after his daughter, a spinning jenny. |
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