Environmental Management: Principles and practice

participation 96, 101, 167, 237, 244–5
participatory assessment 111
participatory rural appraisal (PRA) 111
perceptions 10, 114
pesticides 91–2, 101, 215, 227–9
photochemical smogs 214–15
Pigouvian taxes 37, 83
planetesimal strikes 148–9, 271
planning 3, 250–1; ecosystem approach 178;
environmental impact assessment 95–104;
forecasting 112; land use 108–9; regional
impact assessment 119–20; social impact
assessment 105, 106; strategic environmental
assessment 203
plants 219
plastic waste 212, 213–14, 232
polar regions 219
‘polarized perceptions’ 10
Policy, Plan or Programme (PPP) making
process 123
political ecology 132, 160, 259
political economy 162, 259–60
political parties 164
political stances 258–9
polluter-pays principle 37, 44, 47, 209, 219
pollution 205–33; assimilative capacity 137,
139–40; coral reefs 200; covenants 40–1;
crisis warnings 144; environmental impact
assessment 104; forests 200; free trade 90,
91–2; green economics 78; high-altitude
environments 195–7; legislation 42, 44;
monitoring 63–4; oceans 55, 180; oil spills
197; public awareness 30; rivers 201–2;
standards 61; tradeable emissions quotas 83–
4; transboundary 54, 79, 83–4, 104, 118, 208;
urban management 185
population growth 19–24, 136, 138, 144–5, 155,
192, 267
possibilism 163–4
post-environmentalism 159
postmodernism 159
poverty 239–40; crisis orientation 142;
developing countries 87, 144–5, 190, 191,
192, 193; sustainable development 10
power stations 217, 221
PRA see participatory rural appraisal
precautionary principle 9, 19, 130–1, 267;
Business Charter for Sustainable
Development 35–6; environmental impact
assessment 100–1; international treaties 51;
legislation 44, 47, 49; NEPA promotion of 31
preventive management 252
private sector audits 68
problem-solving 9, 20
programmatic environmental impact assessment
see strategic environmental assessment
propaganda 8–9
public awareness 12, 30, 209, 239, 246

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INDEX
325
public health-related pollution 215
public participation 96, 101, 111, 237, 244–5
radical environmentalism 161, 164, 239, 258
radioactive waste and pollution 118, 197, 220–1
range management 178
rapid rural appraisal (RRA) 111, 182–3
reactive/punitive management 252
recovery 231–2
recycling 37, 78, 212, 214, 231–3
reductionism 10, 25, 132
reformists 164
refugees 237, 240–4
refuse disposal 78, 212–14
regional approaches 2, 19, 20, 107, 178, 254–5
regional impact assessment 119–20
regulation 5, 7, 251; covenants 40–1; hazardous
waste 224; law 41–2, 43; pesticides 229;
pollution 209–10; REGNEG 62; standards
70–1
regulatory mechanisms 140, 173–4
religion 158–9, 246–7
remote monitoring 64
renewable resources 81–2, 137
research bodies 246
reservoir projects 241–2
resettlement programmes 241–3
resilience 145, 146, 189
resources 136–7; carrying capacity 139; common
21, 48, 155, 156, 194, 236; economics 76–7;
environmental accounts 80; evaluation 81–2;
internationally shared 52; legal regulation
42; marginalization 191; natural resources
management 2, 3, 5; neo-Malthusian
perspective 21, 155; vulnerable environments
203
risk assessment 113, 114–16, 117, 188, 203
risk management 94–5
risk-aversion strategies 19
rivers 180–2, 201–2, 217, 226–7, 230, 231
romantic environmentalism 153
RRA see rapid rural appraisal
science 127–50
scoping 18, 96, 98, 122
screening 96, 98, 122
SEA see strategic environmental assessment
Sea Law 55
seas 180, 181, 197, 201, 202, 211, 217; see also
oceans
SEM see strategic environmental management
sensitivity 145, 146, 189; see also vulnerable
areas
septic tanks 212
sewage 210, 211–12, 232
shadow prices 79, 82
shallow ecology 160, 161
short-term goals 18
SIA see social impact assessment
Sierra Club 153
silage effluent 230
simulation models 64
smogs 214–15
social Darwinism 162, 163
social ecology 161, 239, 258
social forestry 162, 167
social impact assessment (SIA) 99, 100, 103,
104–7, 162
social sciences 161–7
socialism 258–9
soils: acid deposition 101, 217, 218, 219; alpine
environments 195; contamination 223;
degradation 104, 109–10, 144, 153–4, 198–9
sovereignty 50–1, 55, 83, 266
special areas protection 52
special-interest groups 4, 10, 209, 239
spirituality 158–9, 165, 246–7, 258
stability: agroecosystem analysis 183;
ecosystems 140–2, 143, 145–7, 174, 189
stakeholders 10, 32, 263
‘standardized regionalization’ 179
standards 43, 60–2, 69, 70–2
state-of-the-environment accounts 64, 65, 68, 80,
100
stewardship 3, 13
strategic environmental assessment (SEA) 104,
107–8, 121–4, 203, 257
strategic environmental management (SEM)
257–8
straw residue 231
structural adjustment 86–7, 104, 191, 240
succession 140–2, 147, 174
sulphur dioxide 217–20
surveillance 63–4, 65
sustainable development 3, 5, 7–9, 13, 156–7,
263–4, 269; agroecosystem assessment 110;
Business Charter for 34, 35–6; Club of Rome
22; covenants 252; eco-auditing 66, 69;
economics 78; environmental accounts 80;
environmental impact assessment 99; human
needs 10; public participation 244; social
impact assessment 107; strategic impact
assessment 123; technology 117; tourism
184; trade-offs 26
sustainable forestry 200
systems approaches 19, 20, 171, 172, 173, 179,
254
taxes 37, 82–4, 267
technology: assessment 100, 116–17;
biotechnology 87, 117, 264–5;
communications 246, 263; computers 117–
18, 189, 246, 253, 254; eco-auditing 69;
economics 80; food production 192; hazards
188–9; high-altitude environments 196;
population growth relationship 21–2; transfer
of 36
TEQs see tradeable emissions quotas
thresholds 143, 207
tiered assessments 120–1

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INDEX
326
TNCs see transnational companies
total quality management (TQM) 40, 70, 256
tourism 87, 179, 184–5, 195, 255
TQM see total quality management
trade 30, 51, 88–92, 191, 223, 224, 256
tradeable emissions quotas (TEQs) 54, 83–4
traditionalists 164
transboundary pollution 54, 79, 83–4, 104, 118,
208
transnational companies (TNCs) 27, 31, 33, 265,
270; free trade 89, 92; international law 42,
44, 51
treaties 43, 51, 52–4, 265, 267
trees 219
trophic levels 137–8
tropospheric ozone 195, 215
tuna fishing 92
tyres 217
UN Conference on Environment and
Development 1992 see Earth Summit, Rio
UN Environment Programme (UNEP) 12, 27, 31,
48, 84; accounting 80; monitoring 62–3;
Regional Seas Programme 55
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) 109–10
urban environmental assessment 111
urban management 2, 185
urban sprawl 210
urban storm run-off 210
urbanization 141–2, 192, 208, 210–15
US National Environmental Policy Act 1970
(NEPA) 12, 31, 45–6, 49, 101–3, 105, 121
USLE see Universal Soil Loss Equation
utilitarian environmentalism 152–3
value, economic 76, 77
vehicle pollution 214–15
volatile organic carbons (VOCs) 214–15
volcanic eruptions 149, 218
voluntary sector approach 21
vulnerable areas 52, 184, 187–204
war 51
waste management 37, 78, 197, 205–33
water pollution 201, 207; agricultural waste 230,
231; artificial fertilizers 226–7; industrial
216, 217; rivers 202; sewage 210, 211
watershed/catchment planning and management
182
weather see climate change
wetlands 52, 201
‘win-win’ approach 19
women 161, 164, 238–9, 258
World3 model 23
World Bank 84, 85, 86–7, 121, 157, 245
World-Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 48, 159

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