What is Policy - Laws, regulations
- Appropriations
- Implementation
- Impacts
- A GOOD REFERENCE: “The Hill” – online paper summarizing all policy activities coming from Washington (Capital Hill)
Policy initiation - Who decides what policy issues are?
- (e.g., why is PTC in the news so much?)
- What, who – are stakeholders
- Who implements policies
Policy Framework - Issues needing response
- At what level does response occur
- What is type of response (policy)
- What are impacts of policies
Evolution of Institutions - Evolution of Institutions
- Guide to regional planning and investment
- Helps focus on each level of government
- Gives understanding to modal focus
- Links law/regulations to mandates at each level of government
Evolution of Policies - AND
- Helps us understand why we have a growing set of Metropolitan problems
- Funding
- Regional projects
- Project integration
- Consolidation regional planning
- Understand and setting revenues – fares, tolls, fees
HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS, con't. - HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS, con't.
- We must address evolving problems
- Institutions:
- Federal: USDDOT, EPA, Congress
- State: NYSDOT, ESDevCorp, NYSERDA
- Special government: NYMTC, PANYNJ, MTA
- Local: NYCDOT
- All have specific missions, evolving from their history.
POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS - POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS
- History of the highway program
- Original funding and organization
- BPR/FHWA
- History of transit program
- USDOT and its administrations
- State DOTs and their role
- Local governments
- Why does what we have in transportation look the way it does, and why do we have problems?
- KEY EVENTS THAT SHAPED PLANNING INSTITUIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
| | | | | | | | - REQUIREMENT: STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS - START OF TITLE 23
| | | - SECT. 701 (HOUSING) - COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
| | | - 701 GRANTS USED FOR "URBAN TRANSPORTATION" PLANNING
| | | - FED AID HWY ACT: 3-C PLANNING
| | | | | | | | | | | | - UMTA:REQ'T FOR PLANNING AGENCY, PROCESS
| | | - JOINT PLANNING REGS; MPO ESTABLISHED: LRP, TIP REQD
| | | | | | | | | | GETTING TO NATIONAL ISSUES | | - Federal interventionist policies of last 5 decades reversed; infrastructure budgets impacted
| | | - Environmental issues, raised in early 1970s used to constrain infrastructure development
| | | - continued growth of HH car ownership, VMT, suburbanization, personal trip making; leads to increasing congestion and ramifications of congestion
| | | - Fragile Foundations published
| | | | | | | | | - USDOT and modal administrations publish and use as policy strategic plans
| | | - Big issues: safety and security, equity and enviornmental justice, intermodalism and global competition, innovative financing, sustainability and quality of life, and now COVID-19
| POLICY TO THE RESCUE - POLICY TO THE RESCUE
- CAA (1970), CAAA (1990)
- ISTEA (1991)
- Role of external stakeholders (STPP, etc)
- TEA21 (1998)
- Where did these come from – how did we go from adding supply to responding to the environment
- Some trends towards sustainability
- Land banking and green zones
- Transit oriented design
- New approaches to residential density
- Traffic calming
- Design for non motorized travel
- Road (value) pricing
- Use of ITS
ISTEA: Transportation Initiatives for the future - ISTEA: Transportation Initiatives for the future
- What we must change:
- many to multi modal
- SOV as a solution
- Underlying objectives of planning: from increasing supply to environmentally sensitive, cost effective, yet sustaining personal mobility
- Adding capacity to managing demand
- Who has a say – and when in the process
- How projects are paid for – and accounted for
- Approaches to modeling and analysis
CONGESTION AND AIR QUALITY - CONGESTION AND AIR QUALITY
- CONFORMITY
- STATE IMPLEMNTAITON PLAN – REDUCTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
- TRIP REDUCTION POLICIES
- MANDATED INCREASE IN AVERAGE VEHICLE ACCUPANCY (AVO) 1.25 RULE
- EMPLOYEE TRIP REDUCTION
- TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT AREAS (200,000)
- DATA COLLECTION
- VMT
- EMISSIONS INVENTORIES
- ETR
- AVO
- Recent Highway Authorizations
- Intermodal Surface Transportation Equity Act (ISTEA, 1991)
- Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21, 1998)
- Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU, 2005)
- Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21, 2012)
- Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST, 2015)
- Emphasis on planning process
- Intermodal / Non-motorized
- National highway system
- Accessibility
- Transit facility redevelopment
- Corridor development/Int’l crossings
- Eased private investment/tolling
- Regional/Interregional funding
- Environmental project funding
- Streamlined planning/env. review
- Performance measurement
- National freight system
- Improve hwy mobility (reduce congestion, esp. freight)
- Create jobs and support economic growth
- Accelerate project delivery/promote innovation
EXTREME EVENTS - 9.11.2001 – devastation of lower Manhattan
- Hurricane Hazel -2012 – flood surge, impacts on NYCT subways, coastal buildings
- NYC restored, economics restored after those events
- COVID -19 - too much uncertainty
ACADEMIC ROLES - Traffic flow theory
- HCM
- Road/bridge/tunnel engineering
- Travel demand theory
- Environmental Analysis
- Economic Analysis
- Workforce training
COVID-19 - The big disrupter – more impact
- Physically than extreme events – hurricanes, floods, 9.11
- Economically – than crash of 2008
- Both of those cases saw a return to “normalcy” relatively quickly
- Can’t predict when NYC will be “fully open” again
Today’s Questions - After covid-19:
- What will our cities look like?
- Why are transport and Land use so tightly connected?
- How will the workforce be redistributed?
- How will travel and travel modes be impacted?
- What is the role and form of public transit?
- How will infrastructure be financed?
Interesting Policy Projects I have worked on - Post 9.11 transportation investments– BCA
- Funding policies for MTA
- Freight Rail transfer location, LI
- Robert Paaswell
- Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering
- paaswell@utrc2.org
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