Evstifeeva M. Teoreticheskaya fonetika angl yazyka pdf
§ 5. Methods of phonological analysis
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Lecture 2 (1)
§ 5. Methods of phonological analysis
The aim of phonological (phonemic) analysis is to determine phone- mic (functional) and non-phonemic (articulatory) differences of speech sounds and to identify the inventory of language phonemes. The phonological analysis of both unknown languages and languages already described can be fulfilled within two steps. The first step which is especially important when investigating an un- known language is to identify the minimal segments of speech continuum and record them graphically by means of allophonic transcription. 26 The second step is to arrange the sounds into functionally similar groups in order to find contrastive phoneme sounds and allophones of the same sounds. There are two main methods of phonological investigation: the distri- butional method and the semantic method, but they get different interpre- tation in modern phonology. I. According to the distributional method phonemes of any language are discovered by rigid classification of all the sounds pronounced by native speakers according to the following laws of phonemic and allo- phonic distribution: — allophones of different phonemes occur in the same phonetic con- text and their distribution is contrastive; — allophones of the same phoneme(s) never occur in the same pho- netic context, their distribution is complementary and the choice depends on phonetic environment. Numerous examples seem to qualify this approach. Thus in the opposition let — pet — bet all initial sounds are different phonemes, because they occur in the same initial position before a vowel. At the same time [t h ] and [t o ] in take and let present allophonic variants of the same phoneme: [t h ] never occurs in the final word position and never follows [s], while [t o ] never occurs initially before stressed vowels. Still linguists find some lacks in this approach. First, there are cases when two sounds are in complementary distribu- tion, but are not referred to the same phonemes. For example, [h] occurs only initially or before a vowel (heat) while [ŋ] occurs only medially or finally after a vowel and never occurs initially (sing). Then there is one more possibility of distribution besides contrastive and complementary ones. These are free variants of a single phoneme when both sounds occur in a language but native speakers are inconsis- tent in the way they use them (калоши-галоши). Thus the distributional method doesn’t get a wide acknowledgement in our home linguistics, because the distinctive function of the phoneme is underestimated. Download 193.83 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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