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T u z va kislota solingan probirkani biroz qizdiring. Probirkaning
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T u z va kislota solingan probirkani biroz qizdiring. Probirkaning o g ‘z ig a tiq ilg a n p a x ta u stid a q u y u q o q tu m a n h o sil b o 'ls a , q izd irish n i t o ‘xtatin g. Probirkani o h is ta lik bilan o lib , p axtan i ch iq a rin g -d a , te z tiq in bilan b erkiting. Probirkani t o ‘nkarib, suvli k ristallizatorga botirin gda, tiq in im oling. Probirkaga su v k o ‘tarilish in i k uzating. H o d isa n in g sababini tush un tirin g. P rob irk an in g o g ‘zin i suv ostid a b a rm o g ‘in g iz b ilan berkitib, u ni su vd an olin g . H osil b o 'lg a n eritm an i k o ‘k lakm us q o g ‘o z i b ilan sin ab k o ‘ring. N a C l va H 2S 0 4 orasida so d ir b o 'lg a n reaksiya ten glam alarin i y ozin g. 6-tajriba. V o d o r o d g a lo g e n id l a r n i n g q a y ta r u v c h a n lr k xossalarini solish tirish . U c h ta quruq probirka o lib , b irin ch isig a m ayd a lan ga n K C l kristallaridan, ikk in ch isiga K B r, u ch in ch isig a esa KI kristallaridan solin g . P robirkalarning har biriga k o n sen trlan ga n H 2S 0 4 d an 3— 4 to m c h i quying. K eyin gi ikki probirkada b rom va y o d ajralib ch iq ish i natijasida rang o 'zg a rish in i k uzating. O lin gan tu zlarn in g k uchli k islota ( H 2S 0 4) b ila n o 'za ro ta ’siri natijasida a w a l vo d o rod ga lo g en id la r— H C I, H B r va H I h o sil b o 'la d i. B ulardan H B r va H I ortiqcha H 2S 0 4 bilan qism an oksidlanib, erkin galogen lar ajralib chiqadi. H I ning sulfat k islota ta ’sirida ok sid lan ish reaksiyasi H B r nikiga qaraganda shid d atliroq b o 'lib , sulfat k islota q old ig'i H 2S gacha qaytariladi. K uzatilgan hodisalam in g reaksiya tenglam alarini yozing. 7-tajriba. G a lo g e n id ionlarin i a n iq lash reaksiyalari. U c h ta probirka o lib , biriga K C l eritm asid an , ikk in ch isiga K Br eritm asidan , u ch in ch isig a KI eritm asid an 0 ,5 ml soling. H ar biriga 1—2 to m ch id a n k u m ush nitrat eritm asidan q o'sh in g. H osil bo'lgan c h o 'k m a la m in g rangini an iq lab , reaksiyalarni m olek u lya r va ion li shakllarda y o zin g . 8-tajriba. G ip o x lo r it tu zla rin in g o lin ish i va o k sid lo v c h ilik xossalari. a) p rob irkan in g 1 /4 q ism ig a ch a yan gi tay yorlan gan xlorli suv 341 s o lib , u stiga 0 ,2 n N a O H e r itm a sid a n to m c h ila tib q o 's h in g . A ra la sh m a n i ch a y q a tin g . X lo r h id in in g y o 'q o lish in i k u za tin g. R eak siya te n g la m a s in i y o z ib , h o s il b o 'lg a n er itm a n i k e y in g i tajribalar u ch u n saqlab q o'yin g; b) probirkaga 3 —4 to m c h i m argan es sulfat eritm a sid a n so lib , ustiga c h o 'k m a h osil b o 'lg u n c h a tayyorlan gan natriy g ip o x lo r it eritm asid an to m c h ila tib q o 'sh in g . X lo r ajralib ch iq ish in i kuzating. R eaksiya ten g la m a sin i y o z ib , yarim reaksiyalar u sulida te n g la sh tiring; d) probirkaga 3 —4 to m c h i q o 'r g 'o sh in atsetat eritm asid a n so lib , ustiga c h o 'k m a h osil b o 'lg u n c h a to m c h ila tib tayy orla n ga n natriy g ip o x lo r it er itm a sid a n q o 's h in g . X lo r ajralib c h iq is h in i k u z a tin g . O k s id lo v c h i v a q a y ta r u v c h ila m i a n iq la b , rea k siy a ten g la m a sin i yozin g. 9-tajriba. G ip o b r o m it tu zi va b rom at k islo ta n in g o lin ish i. P ro b irk a g a 5 — 6 t o m c h i su v s o lib , u stig a 0 ,2 n N a O H eritm asid an b ro m n in g rangi y o 'q o lg u n c h a to m c h ila tib q o 'sh ib , aralashtiring. R eaksiya ten glam asin i yozin g. H osil b o'lgan eritm an i ikkiga b o 'lib , b irin ch isiga in d igo eritm asid an to m iz ib , ch a yq atin g. E r itm a d a i n d i g o b o ' y o g ' i n i n g r a n g s iz l a n is h i n i k u z a t in g . Ik kin ch isiga (la k m u s q o g 'o z i b ilan sin a b ) k u ch siz k islotali sh aroit h o sil b o 'lg u n c h a 2 n su lfa t k islo ta d a n to m iz ib , c h a y q a tin g . E ritm an in g rangi sarg'ayad i. G ip o b r o m itg a H 2S 0 4 t a ’siridan b rom at k islota h o sil b o 'lish ten g la m a sin i yo zib , o k sid lo v c h i va q a y ta ru v ch ila m i an iq lan g. R eak siya te n g la m a sin i y o zin g . 10-tajriba. Y od at k islo ta tuzlari. Probirkaga 1 to m c h i KI er itm a sid a n so lib , h u sh yorlik b ilan to m c h ila tib xlorli su vdan to m iz in g va aralash m an i ch a y q a tin g . O ldin erkin y od h osil b o 'lish in i, so'n gra u n in g q o r a -q o 'n g 'ir rangi y o 'q o lish in i k u zatib , reaksiya ten g la m a la rin i y ozin g. S avo l va m a sh qlar 1. F tor, xlor, brom va yodlam in g elektron form ulalarini yozing. 2. N im a u chun ftor faqat — 1, qolgan galogenlar esa — 1, + 1 , +2, + 3, + 5 , +7 oksidlanish darajalarini nam oyon qiladi? 3. F ,, C l,, Br,, I qatorda kim yoviy bog'lanish energiyalari q anday o ‘zgaradi? N im a uchun? 3 4 2 4. G alogenlar oksidlanish-qaytarilish reaksiyalarida qanday xossaiami nam oyon qiladi? 5. Q anday oksidlanish darajasida galogenlar: a) faqat oksidlovchi; b) faqat qaytaruvchi; d) ham oksidlovchi, ham qaytaruvchi b o 'la oladi? M isollar keltiring. 6. K B r va K B r 0 3 b ir ik m a la r id a n b ro m o lis h n in g reak siy a tenglam alarini yozing. Bu reaksiyalarda qanday farq bor? 7 V odorod xloridning uch xil olinish usuilari reaksiyalarini yozing. Bu reaksiyalarning qaysi biri vodorod brom id va vodorod yodidni olish uchun to 'g 'ri kelm aydi? N im a uchun? Reaksiya teng la m alarini yozing. 8. G alogenlam ing olinish reaksiyalarini yozing. 9. X lorid kislota q a n d a y m e ta lla r bilan reaksiyaga kirishadi? K onsentrlangan va suyultirilgan xlorid kislotaning m etallarga ta ’sirida qanday farq bor? 10. C a(C 10)2, Cu(C104)2 tuzlarning gidroliz tenglamalarini molekulyai va ion shakllarda yozing. Eritm a m uhitini ko'rsating. 11. Quyidagi reaksiyalarni tugallab tenglashtiring: a) I2+ C l ,+ H ,0 - > Н Ю 3+... b) K2C r ,0 7+ H 2S 0 4+ K I -> 12+... d) K C 103+ K 0 H + M n 0 2 -> KC1+... e) K C 1+H N O , N O + ... f) K 1 0 3+ H 2S 0 4+ K I -> I2+... g) C a(C 10)2+ H 20 2 -> C aC l2+... h) C a(O H )2+ C l2 -> i) C 102+ C a ( 0 H ) 2 ->■ j) C u l+ H 2S 0 4 -► 12. Quyidagi jarayonlam ing reaksiya tenglam alarini yozing: a) KCl -► C l2 -> K C 103 -> K C 104 -> HCIO, CI20 . b) l2 -> Ks10 6 —> K I —> I2 —> H IO j -> I20 5 -> 12 13. Quyidagi reaksiyalarni tenglashtirib, m olekulyar shaklda yozing: a) I 0 3- + S 0 32- + H + -> I2+ S 0 42- + H 20 b) B r - + M n 0 4- + H + -> B r,+ M n 2++ H 20 d) C 1 0 - + M n 0 42- + H , 0 -> Cl + M n 0 4 + 0 H - 14. 250 ml 21 % li F e S 0 4 eritm asini (p = 1,22 g /s m 3) sulfat kislota ishtirokida oksidlash uchun 6,8 % li KCIO, eritm asidan (p = l,0 4 g /sm 3) qancha hajm kerak? 343 15. Bertole tuzini qizdirganda uning bir qism i kislorod hosil b o iish i bilan, ikkinchi qismi kaliy perxlorat hosil bo 'lishi bilan p arch a langan. 147 g K C 103 parchalanganda 13,44 I kislorod (n. sh. da) ajralib chiqqan bo'lsa, qoldiq massasini hisoblang. 16. N im a u chun yod suvda yom on eriydi-yu, benzolda yaxshi eriydi? 17. 6,83 g K N 0 3, KI va KCl aralashm asining suvli eritm asiga xlorli suv qo'shilganda 2,54 g yod ajralib chiqqan. Xuddi shunday eritmaga A g N 0 3 q o'shilganda 7,57 g ch o 'k m a hosil bo'lgan. Dastlabki aralashm aning tarkibini aniqlang. ILO VALAR 1-jadval Suv bug‘ining bosimi Harorat, °C Bosim Harorat, •c Bosim Pa - 10J mm.sim.ust. Pa - 103 mm.sim.ust. 0 0,61 4,58 19 2,20 16,48 5 0,87 6,54 20 2,37 17,53 10 1,23 9,20 21 2,48 18,65 15 1,70 12,79 22 2,64 19,82 16 1,82 13,63 23 2,80 21,09 17 1,93 14,53 24 2,98 22,37 18 2,06 15,47 25 3,16 23,75 2- jadval B a ’zi moddalarning 2 9 8 K (25°C ) da hosil bo‘lish standart entalpiyalari ЛН29|, entropiyalari S 29g va hosil bo‘lish gibbs pnrrviva ari Afi Modda ДН”И1, kJ/mol 141 AS‘2M, J/mol • K AG°1W- kJ/mol 1 2 3 4 A1,0, (k) -1676,0 50,0 -1582,0 C (grafit) 0 5,7 0 CCl, (s) -135,4 214,4 -64,6 C H 4(fl -74,9 186,2 -50,8 C ,H ,(g ) 226,8 200,8 209.2 C,H, (g) 52,3 219,4 68,1 Q H , (s) 82,9 269,2 129,7 C,H ,O H (s) -277,6 160,7 -174,8 3 4 4 2- jadvalning davomi Modda ДН°10>, kJ/mol AS°,0K, J/mol • K AG\„, kJ/mol 1 2 3 4 c 6Hl2o 6 oo (glyukoza) -1273,0 — -919,5 CO (g) -110.5 197,5 137,1 c o 2lil -393,5 213,7 -394,4 CaCO, (g) -1207,0 88,7 -1127,7 CaO (k) -635,5 39,7 -604,2 Ca(OH), (k) -986,6 76,1 -896,8 Cl, (g) 0 222,9 0 C1,0 (g) 76,6 266,2 94,2 Cr,0, (k) -1440,6 81,2 -1050,0 CuO (k) -162,0 42,6 -129.9 FeO (k) -264,8 60,8 -244,3 Fe,0, (k) -822,2 87,4 -740,3 Ғе,Ол (k) 1117,1 146,2 -1014,2 H, (g) 0 130,5 0 H Br (g) -36.3 198,6 -53,3 HCI (g) -92,3 186,8 -95,2 H F (g) -270,7 178,7 -272,8 H l(g ) 26,6 206,5 1,8 H ,o (g) 241,8 188,7 —228,6 H ,0 (s) -285,8 70,1 -237,3 H ,s (g) -21,0 205,7 -33,8 KCl (k) -435,9 82,6 -408,0 KCIO, (k) -391.3 143,0 -289,9 MgCI, (k) -641,1 89,9 -591,6 MgO (k) -601,8 26,9 -569,6 N, (g) 0 191,5 0 N H , (g) -46.2 192,6 -16.7 N H 4NO, (k) -256 — - NH^NO, (k) -365.4 151 -183,8 N ,0 ;g) 82,0 219,9 104.1 NO (g) 90,3 210,6 86.6 345 2- jadvalning davomi Modda ДН°2,„, kJ/mol AS°m, J/mol • K a G ”m , kJ/mol 1 2 3 4 NOj (g) 33,5 240,2 51,5 N 20 4 (g) 9,6 303,8 98,4 NiO (k) -239,7 38,0 -211,6 0 2(g) 0 205,0 0 O F, (g) 25,1 247,0 42,5 P 20 5(k) -1492 -114,5 -1348.8 PbO (k) -219,3 66,1 189,1 Pb02 (k) -276,6 74,9 -218,3 S 0 2 (g) -296,9 248,1 -300,2 SO, (g) -395,8 256,7 -371,2 SiCl4 (s) -687,8 239,7 — SiN 4 (g) 34.7 204,6 57,2 SiO, (kvars) -910,2 41,8 -856,7 SnO (k) -286,0 56,5 -256,9 Sn02 (k) -580,8 52,3 -519,3 T i0 2 (k) -943,9 50 -888,6 WOj (k) -842,7 75,9 -763.9 ZnO (k) -350,6 43,6 -320,7 H+ (p) 0 0 0 O H - (p) -230,2 -10,8 -157,4 3 - ja d v a l Ba’zi erituvchilaming krioskopik va ebulioskopik doimiylari Erituvchi K.grad.kg/mol E.grad.kg/mol Suv 1,86 0,52 Benzol 5,12 2,57 Nitrobenzol 6,9 5,27 Sirka kislota 3,9 3,1 346 Tuz va asoslaming 18° suvda eruvchanligi 4- ja d v a l Anion Kation N a+ K f Ag" Mg2' Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Zn2H Pb2+ F- 4,41 92,56 195,4 0,0076 0,0016 0,012 0.16 0,005 0,07 ci- 35,86 32,95 0,0316 55,80 73.19 51.09 37,24 203.9 1,49 Bi~ 88,76 65,86 0,041 103.1 143.3 96,52 103,6 478,2 0.598 1- 177,9 137,5 0,0635 148,2 200 169,2 201,4 419,0 0.08 NOj 83,97 30,34 213,4 74.31 121.8 66,27 8,74 117.8 51,66 CIO, 97,16 6,6 12,25 126,4 179,3 174,9 35,42 183,9 150.6 S O / ' 16.83 11,11 0.55 35,43 0.20 0,01 1 0.0,23 53.12 0.0041 CO2, 19,39 108,0 0,003 0,01 0,0013 0,001 1 0.0023 0,004 0 031 Ъ Р < 2~ 61,21 63,1 0,0025 73,0 0,4 0,12 0,0338 - 0,042 c p p 3,34 30,27 0,0035 0,03 0,0356 0,0046 0,0086 0.066 0,0315 OH- 116,4 142.9 0,01 0,001 0 . P 0 "7 3.7 0.035 0.01 -J lzoh: lOOg suvda eriydigan m oddaning massasi gram m larda berilgan. M asalan, 0.031=0.0001 Ba ’zi bir tuzlarning har xil haroratdagi eruvchanligi (100 g suvdagi grammlar hisobida) 5- ja d v a l H a r o rat A l ^ S O ^ x x ! 8 H 20 N a C l N aN O _ , K N O j K N O , K , C . 20 7 K 2S O a K A I ( S 0 4)2 x x I 2 H 20 N a , S 0 4x x 1 0 H , 0 C u S 0 4x х 5 Н гО C a ( C H , C O O ) , x x 2 H , 0 0 2 3 , 8 3 5 , 5 7 3 , 0 7 3 , 6 1 1,6 4 , 4 6 . 9 3,1 4 . 5 12.9 Г . 5 5 3 5 , 6 10 25 ,1 3 5 , 7 8 0 , 2 17,7 7.5 3,5 4 , 4 3.2 3 6 , 0 14 3 5 , 8 5 1 1.7 16.2 ' 4 , 7 2 0 2 6 , 6 3 5 , 9 8 8 , 0 7 5 , 4 24 ,1 11,1 10.0 ; - 16.1 f 2 5 3 6 , 0 9 2 , 7 2 i •) i 8 .7 j 0 2 8 , 8 36.1 96.1 15 ,4 11.5 4 1 2 0 , i '< X .8 4 0 3 1 , 4 3 6 , 4 1 0 4 ,9 7 7 , 0 39,1 2 0 , 6 l . \ l 1 2 U ) ? .5 2 2 , 8 ; 3.2 50 3 4 , 3 3 6 , 8 113,1 2 5 9 14.2 11 9 2 5 ,1 ' ■> K 6 0 37.1 3 7 , 2 1 2 4 ,7 7 7 ,7 5 2 , 5 3 1 , 2 1 5 ,4 2 6 . 7 2 8 .1 >, ■; h o 3 7 , 8 1 3 5 ,8 3 6 , 2 16 ,6 Ю 3 1 . 4 33 (1 8 0 4 2 . 2 38,1 148,1 8 0 , 0 6 2 , 8 41,1 17 ,6 54.9 33 5 85 32 - 9 0 3 9 , 0 161,1 67,1 18 ,6 5 1 . 5 lO.M 1 u s 31 1 100 47,1 3 9 , 3 1 81,7 8 0 ,3 71,1 5 0 , 0 19,4 7 1 , 4 2 9 . 9 4 2 . 4 2 9 , 7 E s l a t m a : K r i s t a l l o g i d r a t l a r n i n g e r u v c h a n l i g i q u r u q t u z h i s o b i d a b e r il g a n . 6-jadval Kislota va ishqor eritmalarining massa ulushlari va zichliklari (15°C da). Massa ulushlari, % H2S 0 4 HNO, HCI KOH NaOH NH, 2 1,013 1,011 1,009 1,016 1,0023 0,992 4 1,027 1,022 1,019 1,033 1,046 0,983 6 1,040 1,033 1,029 1,048 1,069 0,973 8 1,055 1,044 1,039 1,065 1,092 0,967 10 1,069 1,056 1,049 1,082 1,115 0,960 12 1,083 1,068 1,059 1,100 1,137 0,953 14 i ,098 1,080 1,069 1,118 1,159 0,946 16 1,112 1,093 1,079 1,137 1,181 0,939 18 1,127 1,106 1,083 1,156 1,213 0,932 20 1,143 1,119 1,100 1,178 1,225 0,926 22 1,158 1,132 1,110 1,196 1,247 0,919 24 1,176 1,145 1,121 1,217 1,268 0,913 26 1,190 1,158 1,132 1,240 1,289 1,908 28 1,205 1,171 1,142 1,263 1,310 0,903 32 1,238 1,198 1,163 1,310 1,232 0,893 36 1,273 1,225 1,183 1,358 1,345 0,884 40 1,307 1,251 1,411 1,437 44 1,342 1,277 1,460 1,478 48 1,380 1,303 1,511 1,519 52 1,419 1,328 1,564 1,560 56 1,460 1,351 1,616 1,601 60 1,503 1,373 1,643 64 1,547 1,394 68 1,594 1,412 72 1,640 1,429 76 1,687 1,445 80 1,732 1,460 84 1,776 1,474 88 1,808 1.486 92 1,830 1,496 96 1,840 1,504 100 1,838 1,522 349 7 -ja d va l Tuz eritmalarining massa ulushlari va zichliklari (20°C da). Massa ulushlari % NaCl Na2CO, BaCl2 K ;C r,0 7 2 1,013 1,019 1,016 1,012 4 1,027 1,040 1,034 1,026 6 1,041 1,061 1,053 1,041 8 1,056 1,082 1,072 1,055 10 1,071 1,103 1,092 1,070 12 1,086 1,124 1,113 14 1,101 1,46 1,134 16 1,116 1,146 18 1,132 1,179 20 1,148 1,203 22 1,164 1,228 8-jadvaI Ba’zi kislota, asos va tuz eritmalarining (0,1 n) 18°C dagi dissotsiyalanish darajalari Kislota Dissotsiyalanish darajasi, foiz Asos, tuz Dissosiyalanish darajasi, foiz H N O , 92 K O H 89 H C I 91 NaO H 84 H B r 90 N H , • H ,0 1,3 H I 90 H 2S 0 4 58 M e+ А' (K C l) 83 Н 3Р 0 4 36 M e2+ A 2 (K ,S 0 4) s o 2 • H ,0 20 M e2+ A," (ВаС12) 75 CH ,C O O H 1,3 M e+, A 3- (K ,P 0 4) н 2с о 3 0,17 M e3+ + A," (A1CI,) 65 H ,S 0,07 Me2+ A2" (C u S0 4) 40 H ,BO , 0,01 H C N 0,007 3 5 0 9-jadval Kislota va asosning dissotsiatsiya konstantalari Kislota K pK H 2SO, K, = l ,7 • 10-2 K =6.0- io-" 1,85 7,20 H 2S K =1.0- io - 7 K,=2,5 • IO-13 6,99 12,60 H 2CO, K,=4,5 • 10-7 K ,=4,8- 10-" 6,32 10,35 K =7,1 • 10-3 2,15 Н ,Р 0 4 K,=6.2 • 10-" 7,21 K =5,0 • 10-'“ 12,0 CHO ,O O H K=1,74 • IO 2 4,76 h 2 c 2 o « K =5,6- 10-2 K ,=5,4- 10-* 1,25 4,27 N H j OH K =1,76 • 10-' 4,75 H ,0 * II OO o 9* 15,74 C a(O H ); N 1 o © _ II 2,40 Cu(OH), K,=7,9 • IO-14 M n(O H ), K = 3,0- io-4 Zn (O H )2 K,=4,4 • 10-5 K ,= l,5 • IO"9 1,36 8,83 10-jadval Ba’zi bir kam eriydigan tuz va gidroksidlarning suvli eritmalardagi eruvchanlik ko'paytmasi konstantalari M o d d a к . к Modda K , A g B r 5, 3 • 1 0 " 1J S r , ( P O J , 1 , 0 - 1 0 - JI A g S C N 1 , 1 ■ i o - 12 C o ( O H ) , 2 , 0 - I O - ' 6 A g , C r O , 1 , 1 • i o - 12 C u S 6 . 3 - 1 0 - S6 A g C l OO o 1 C u ( O H ) , 5 , 0 • 1 0 - !0 A g C r , 0 , 1,1 ■ 1 0 - " ' C r ( O H ) , 6 , 3 • i o - 31 A g l 00 o 1 F e ( O H ) , 1 , 0 - 1 0 |; A g , S 6 , 3 - io--4" F e ( O H ) , 3 ,2 • 1 0 - ' " A l ( O H ) , 1 , 0 - I 0 - J-’ H g , C l , 1,3 • 1 0 ~ ls B a C O , 5,1 • 10 4 H g S 4 , 0 ■ I O - ’5 B a C , 0 , 1,1 • 10 J M g C O , 4 , 0 • 1 0 - 5 B a C r O , 1 , 2 - 1 0 "> M g ( O H ) , 6 , 0 - io -" 1 B a , ( P O , ) , 6 , 0 - 1 0 w Mg,(PO,), ■ 1 , 0 - I O ” 3 5 1 10-jadvalning davomi M o c b io K k M o d d a K , B a S O , 1,1 • 1 0 - 10 M n ( O H ) , 4 . 5 • IO- 2 -' C a C O , 1 o O O тГ M n S 1 O l/~ ) fN C a C , 0 . 2 , 3 * 1 0 - 4 P b C l , 1 , 6 - 1 0 ' C a S O , 9,1 • 1 0 - 6 P b C r O , 1 , 8 - 1 0 H C a , ( P O J , 2 , 0 - I O - 24 P b l , 1 , 1 • i o - 4 S b S 1 , 1 • i o - 24 P b ( O H ) , 1 , 1 • i o - 27 P b S O , 1 , 6 ■ i o - s P b S 2 ,5 • I O - 27 S r C O , 1 , 1 • i o - 10 Z n ( O H ) , 7,1 1 0 - ,s S i C r O , 3 , 5 - 1 0 - ' Z n S 1,6 • i o - 2J S r C A 5 , 5 - I O - 11 Z n C O , 1 , 4 - 1 0 " ] 1 -ja d v a l Download 48 Kb. 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