Animal anatomy, histology, pathological anatomy

Internal inspection.Before autopsy, the pig's corpse is placed in a dorsal position. To do this, the forelimbs and pelvic limbs are partially separated by making deep cuts in the muscles between the chest and scapula, as well as the round ligaments of the hip joints.
The abdominal cavity is opened with one longitudinal incision, which goes from the xiphoid cartilage to the pubic fusion, and two transverse incisions from the xiphoid cartilage to the first lumbar vertebrae along the costal arches.

Fig. 314. Position of the abdominal organs of the pig.

In the abdominal cavity, after separation of the omentum (in pigs, the omentum contains a small amount of adipose tissue), you can see: the greater curvature of the stomach; part of the right and middle lobes of the liver; ventral third of the spleen; curl of the colon, occupying the middle and caudal thirds of the abdominal cavity; the cecum, located in the left part of the lumbar region and curved to the right to the right half of the pelvic cavity; part of the loops of the small intestine (in the right half of the caudal third of the pelvic cavity).

The dome of the diaphragm is located at the level of the seventh rib. When the chest cavity is opened, the breast bone is removed. To do this, cut the rib cartilage with a regular or rib knife; in cases of ossification of the cartilage, they resort to rib scissors or a saw.
Extraction of internal organs.Due to the considerable length and anatomical and topographic complexity of the pig’s gastrointestinal tract, it is removed by sections in the following order: omentum and spleen, middle intestine.
To do this, the ligament of the ileum and cecum is dissected, and two ligatures are applied to the ileum near its entrance to the cecum. The intestine is cut between the ligatures and the ileum and jejunum are separated from the mesentery to the S-shaped curvature of the duodenum. Two ligatures are placed on the latter and it is cut.
The pancreas and duodenal stump are dissected from the colon;
cut the anterior mesenteric artery and vein, dissect the tissue connecting the labyrinth and terminal loop of the colon with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity;
the rectum is freed from fat and cut across it in the depths of the pelvic cavity. The entire colon complex is separated from the mesentery and its root.
The stomach with duodenum, liver, pancreas, kidneys and pelvic organs are removed.
The organs of the oral cavity, neck and chest cavity are removed in the same way as in other animals, in the form of a single complex.
The brain of pigs lies very deep in the cranium and is surrounded by highly developed sinuses, so the transverse cut of the skull should pass approximately 2 cm in front of the line of the orbital processes of the frontal bone. The eyes are first removed. Longitudinal cuts are carried out in the same way as in other animals.
The colon is examined by opening individual loops of the helix (labyrinth) or separating the loops from the mesentery connecting them. The first method is most often practiced.