Grammar as a phenomenon – a subsystem of language as a linguistic discipline

Paradigmatic relations – relations outside the lines of the sentence, exist in language

1. 
   between classes of language units of a similar structural type or having similar elements. Ex. Between word- forms of one categorial line – asking, making, doing OR
   
2. 
   between categorial forms of one unit – ask, asked, has asked, was asked..
   

Syntagmatic relations are the relations in an utterance:
I like children.

They are linear relations – we observe them in a line, it means in speech. They are observed between units in speech

Ex. Between phonemes within a morpheme : [ɑ:] [s] [k] in asks;
morphemes within a word: ask- and- ing in asking; words within a sentence
Syntagmatic connection between words and word groups is called syntactic relations.( Barkhudarov)

Functions

The word is – a unit of language, both gram. and lexicon
- a semantic and structural unity
- a ready- made unit
- a naming unit( used to name smth actions, processes)
NAMING/NOMINATIVE function


The sentence is - a unit of language and a unit of speech
- not a ready-made unit
- a naming and communicative unit
NOMINATIVE AND COMMUNICATIVE functions

Word Sentence

As an individual entity – blue as an event

exam Exam!

names a phenomenon (it is real, is happening right now –

the time, we know the participants)
names a situation( an event)

• 
  indicates the time of the event,
  
• 
  shows whether the event is real or unreal
  

Main grammatical units are studied by different sections of grammar : Morphology and Syntax. Morphology studies the structure, forms and the classification of words. In other words it studies paradigmatic relations of words.

• 
  gram. forms making up gram. categories typical of a given part of speech
  
• 
  means of grammatical word- changing (form-building morphemes)
  
• 
  types of gram. meanings…
  

Syntax studies the structure, forms and the classification of sentences. In other words it studies syntagmatic relations of words and paradigmatic relations of sentences.