Listening audioscript

USING POINTS AND EXAMPLES FROM THE LECTURE, EXPLAIN HOW
NEOCLASSICISM INFLUENCED THE RULES OF GRAMMAR IN ENGLISH. 
 
WRITING 
 
Page 413
[ track 184-185]
 
 

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LPREP IBT 3 E AudioScript 
116
Listen to the passage. On a piece of paper, take notes on the main points of the 
listening passage.
(Professor) 
Well, when managers tried out these principles of scientific management 
in their factories in the early twentieth century, things did not work out the 
way they had hoped, to say the least. Many factory supervisors did not 
find the improved productivity, lowered costs, and higher profits they had 
expected. Instead, they often ran into the exact opposite situation. Let 
me explain. 
The first problem that managers ran into was with the time-and-motion 
studies. Now, these needed to be very thorough in order to really have 
an impact on productivity and comprehensive time-and-motion studies 
were very expensive to conduct, so you can see that costs were not 
decreased, but rather they increased as a result of doing this. Plus, these 
studies were often difficult to run because the factory workers were very 
resistant to them.
In addition to the problem with the time-and-motion studies, there was 
also an issue implementing the results of the studies with the lower-
skilled workers. In other words, putting their ideas into practice proved to 
be extremely challenging because when the principles of scientific 
management are applied to lower-skilled workers, they must work like 
machines. They have to change the way they work so that they work in 
exactly the same way as others do, and they must do the same repetitive 
motion over and over again, thousands of times a day. The low-skilled 
employees were not eager to do this, and often took steps to make the 
process less efficient.
Finally, there was a serious obstacle concerning the high-skilled workers. 
As the reading states, one of the components of scientific management 
was to break down the more highly skilled jobs into smaller tasks that 
other, lower-skilled employees could complete, in order to save the 
factory money. However, due to the fact that higher-skilled workers 
would no longer enjoy higher salaries, they were extremely hostile to any 
attempt to institute scientific management in their places of employment. 
Now answer the following question: