Listening audioscript

Number 3, Page 275
[ mp3 116]
Now listen to a lecture on this topic in a psychology class. 
(Professor)
Now, the most well-known human subject to demonstrate the function of 
explicit, long-term memory is a man called H.M. To stop a condition that 
left him unable to work and live normally, he underwent a surgical 
procedure that destroyed his hippocampus.
The unforeseen result was that H.M. was unable to store any long-term, 
explicit memories after his surgery. For instance, um you could introduce 
yourself to him and have a conversation, then leave the room for a few 
minutes, and return and repeat the same thing again. He was unable to 
remember the experience of meeting someone. Similarly, he could not 
remember any facts, such as what was happening in the world after his 
surgery. The memories of his life before his surgery weren’t damaged, 
but he could not remember any facts or experiences after that.
However, he was trained to trace a line through a puzzle-like maze while 
looking in a mirror. As you can understand, this is very difficult for people 
to do at first, but people can train themselves to do it. Now H.M. 
practiced doing this many times, learning to coordinate his hand 
movements with what he saw in the mirror. He could, before he died, do 
it with remarkable skill. He had no explicit memory of ever having traced 
the lines in the mazes, and he couldn’t explain why he was so good at it. 
But the implicit motor memory, the necessary coordination of eyes and 
hands, needed for the task, was being stored, but clearly not by means 
of the hippocampus. 
Speaking Skill 12 
 
Sample Response, Example Question 4A, Page 280
[ mp3 117] 
(Woman)
The lecturer gives two examples of how we see things. These examples 
show the differences between two different photoreceptor cells in our 
eyes that capture light and color, called rods and cones. The first 
example is that when there isn’t much light, such as candlelight, 
everything looks black and white. This is because the rods are the only 
kinds of cells that are sensitive in dim light, but they can’t capture color. 
Cones sense color, but they can’t detect dim light, like the low light at 
night. Next, the professor says that if we look directly at a star that isn’t 
bright, it can disappear. But if we look to either side of the star, we can 
see it. He goes on to say that this is because the center of our vision has 
fewer rods that sense dim light. Instead, they are more concentrated to 
the left or right of the center of the field of vision.