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Catholicism - the religion of Western Christianity up to the Reformation; the religion also of the Church of Rome. Causality


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Catholicism - the religion of Western Christianity up to the Reformation; the religion also of the Church of Rome.
Causality - the theory that every event has a rational cause. Aristotle identified four causes to everything: material, formal, efficient, and final.
Coherence theory of truth - the theory that a statement is true if and only if it coheres with a given system of statements or beliefs.
Collective unconscious - in Jungian psychology (Carl Jung, 1875-1961), the part of the unconscious that contains symbolic representations, or archetypes, of ancient ways of thought inherited from humanity's past experience. 
Contingent - a proposition whose truth depends on facts about the world, not on the rules of logic. In modal logic, all true propositions that are not necessary are contingent.
Contradiction, law of - first put forth by Aristotle, the axiom that nothing can both have and not have a given property or characteristic.
Cosmology - the study of the origin and structure of the universe.
Cynicism - 1. a Greek school of philosophy originally based on the doctrine that nothing can be known. In the Roman era cynicism became an ethical doctrine emphasizing the need to live an austere, abstemious life. 2. more recently, the view that people act in ways to further their own ends and self-centered ambitions.
Deipnosophist - one who speaks learnedly at the dinner table; from a work by Athenaeus, Deipnosophistai, written in 228 A.D.
Deism - the belief that there is a God whose existence can be apprehended without revelation. Cf. agnosticism, atheism, and theism.
Determinism - the theory that all events (including mental ones) are caused, so that whatever happens cannot happen otherwise. Determinism is opposed to the theory of free will, which holds that human choice is active and unconstrained.
Dialectic - 1. the art of testing whether assertions are valid or not. 2. In Hegelian philosophy, a kind of logic that proceeds from thesis to antithesis to synthesis. [from the Greek, "pertaining to debate".]

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