Renal embryology

Metabolic Acidosis, Dyslipidemia, High potassium, Uremia, Na
+
/H
2
O retention, Growth retardation 
and developmental delay, Erythropoietin deficiency (anemia), Renal osteodystrophy.  
62. 
Renal artery stenosis or microvascular disease. As this is an atherosclerotic disease, 
atherosclerosis of other vessels is common (coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, 
etc.). 
63. 
PKD1 or PKD2 gene. 

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64. 
Chronic kidney disease and hypertension (due to increased renin production). 
65. 
Renal failure in utero from autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease can lead to Potter 
sequence (page 578). After the neonatal period, potential complications include systemic 
hypertension, portal hypertension from congenital hepatic fibrosis, and progressive renal 
insufficiency. 
66. 
WAGR complex = Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary malformations, and mental Retardation/ 
intellectual disability. 
PHARMACOLOGY 
67. 
Acetazolamide acts as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, causing self-limited sodium bicarbonate 
diuresis and a reduction in total-body bicarbonate stores. 
68. 
Furosemide inhibits the Na
+
/K
+
/2Cl
–
cotransport system in the thick ascending limb of the loop of 
Henle, thereby abolishing the hypertonicity of the medulla and preventing the concentration of urine. 
69. 
Ethacrynic acid. 
70. 
Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia, hyperGlycemia, hyperLipidemia, hyperUricemia, 
and hyperCalcemia. Remember: HyperGLUC. 
71. 
Spironolactone competitively antagonizes the aldosterone receptor in the cortical collecting tubule. 
72. 
ACE inhibitors prevent the inactivation of bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. Increased bradykinin 
levels can lead to angioedema in susceptible individuals. 
73. 
To treat hypertension, proteinuria, heart failure, and to slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy.