Final Assessment Questions on “Theoretical phonetics” Card-1 Connection of Phonetics with Other Sciences

Northern English Pronunciation.

Northern English is one of the major groupings of the English language in England; The English language in Northern England has been shaped by the region's history of settlement and migration, and today encompasses a group of related dialects known as Northern England English. The English language in Northern England has been shaped by the region's history of settlement and migration, and today encompasses a group of related dialects known as Northern England English (or, simply, Northern English in the United Kingdom). The strongest influence on the modern varieties of the English language spoken in Northern England.The Northern regional type of English pronunciation is characterized by features that are common to all the dialect used in the northern part of England. The English language in Northern England has been shaped by the region's history , and today encompasses a group of related dialects known as Northern England English (or, simply, Northern English in the United Kingdom). Historically (https://fayllar.org/historically.html), the strongest influence on the varieties of the English language spoken in Northern England was the Northumbrian dialect of Old English, but contact with Old Norse during the Viking Age and with Irish English following the Great Famine have produced new and distinctive styles of speech. Some "Northern" traits can be found further south than others: only conservative Northumbrian dialects retain the pre-Great Vowel Shift pronunciation of words such as town (/tuːn/, TOON), but all northern accents lack the FOOT–STRUT split, and this trait extends a significant distance into the Midlands. The main distinctions of the Northern type of English pr-n, as opposed to RP, are as follows: /æ/ is more open & more retracted back, as in /a/ (e.g. “back”, “bad”) /a:/ is fronted compared with RP /a:/ & it approximates to /æ/ in words “Glass”, “laugh”, “after”. (c) / / is used instead of /  / (e.g. “cup”, “love”, “much”). (d) /o / is pronounced as a monophthongal /o:/ (e.g. “go”, “home”). (e) /e/ or / : / are pronounced instead of /ei/ (e.g. “may”, “say”, “Take”).