Final Assessment Questions on “Theoretical phonetics” Card-1 Connection of Phonetics with Other Sciences

In Cockney the nucleus of the diphthong /ei/ is an almost open vowel, so that it reminds of /ai/ (e.g. “take”, “lake ”).
/ æ / sounds like / / (e.g. “bag”)
/o / is / / (e.g. “potatoes” - / p ә'tai æ z / ).
(d) A nasalised /ai/ is used for /ai/ (e.g. “Buy potatoes & cabbages”- /bai p ә'tait æ z n' k b әd iz/).
/p, t, k/ are heavily aspirated.
/h/ does not occur; it may appear only in stressed position (“his”, “her’, “happened’).
The final /n/ sounds like /n/ (e.g. “something”, “evening”).
/ / & / / do not occur, /f/, /v/ or /d/ are used instead (e.g. «thin»
/fin/, «father» -/fa:vә/, “this” -/dis/).
/fin/, “father”- /fa:v ә/, “this” -/dis/).
(i) The glottal stop is often heard instead of /p/, /t/, /k/ & between vowels (e.g. “I hope so”- /aiæ ? s /, “back door” - /b ?doә/, “thirty” -/fә:?i).


Card-19

1. 
   Stress as a Suprasegmental Unit.
   

Stress is emphasis given to certain syllables in words. In English, stress is produced with a longer, louder and higher pitched sound than unstressed sounds. There are 3 levels of stress in English: primary, secondary, and unstressed syllables. primary stress: the loudest syllable in the word. Primary stress is marked in IPA by putting a raised vertical line [ˈ] at the beginning of the syllable. secondary stress: syllables which aren't completely unstressed, but aren't as loud as the primary stress. Secondary stress is marked with a lowered vertical line [ˌ] at the beginning of the syllable. unstressed syllables: syllables that have no stress at all. Suprasegmental, also called prosodic feature, in phonetics, a speech feature such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added over consonants and vowels; these features are not limited to single sounds but often extend over syllables, words, or phrases.Stress, in phonetics, intensity given to a syllable of speech by special effort in utterance, resulting in relative loudness.In phonetics, stress is the degree of emphasis given a sound or syllable in speech, also called lexical stress or word stress. Unlike some other languages, English has variable (or flexible) stress.
The stress placed on syllables within words is called word stress. Some languages have fixed stress, meaning that the stress on virtually any multisyllable word falls on a particular syllable, such as the penultimate (e.g. Polish) or the first (e.g. Finnish). Other languages, like English and Russian, have lexical stress, where the position of stress in a word is not predictable in that way but lexically encoded. Sometimes more than one level of stress, such as primary stress and secondary stress, may be identified.
Stress is not necessarily a feature of all languages: some, such as French and Mandarin, are sometimes analyzed as lacking lexical stress entirely.The stress placed on words within sentences is called sentence stress or prosodic stress. That is one of the three components of prosody, along with rhythm and intonation. It includes phrasal stress (the default emphasis of certain words within phrases or clauses), and contrastive stress (used to highlight an item, a word or part of a word, that is given particular focus).

2.