Final Assessment Questions on “Theoretical phonetics” Card-1 Connection of Phonetics with Other Sciences

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1.Russian phonological schools.
The Moscow school of linguistics is presented by two basic approaches to the phoneme.The first is morphological approach. Its adherent is R.J. Avanessov, who developed Baudouin de Courtenay’s phoneme theory of the early period. He made a thorough analysis of this conception and criticized it for lacking precision, and introduced two notions:
1) phonemic variations;2) phonemic variants.
The second is cybernetic approach. Its originator is S.K. Showmyan, who was formerly an adherent of the morphological phoneme theory, but has revised his views under the influence of L. Hjelmslev. (Луи Тролле Ельмслев) According to Showmyan’s opinion, the phoneme can not be perceived by means of direct observation.
2.Aspects of Speech Sounds.
Speech sounds are of complex nature and have 4 different aspects, which are closely connected: the articulatory aspect, the acoustic aspect, the auditory aspect and the linguistic aspect. The articulatory aspect. Speech sounds are products of human organs of speech. Sound production is impossible without respiration, which consists of two phases- inspiration and expiration. Sounds can be analysed from the acoustic point of view. Like any other sound of nature speech sounds exist in the form of sound waves and have such physical properties as frequency, intensity, duration and spectrum. The auditory aspect. Speech sounds may also be analysed from the point of view of perception. The linguistic aspect. Segmental sounds and prosodic features are linguistic phenomena. Representing language units in actual speech, they perform certain linguistic functions. They constitute meaningful units- morphemes, words, word-forms, utterances.
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1.Branches of Phonetics.
1. Articulatory Phonetics: is the branch of phonetics that deals with the production of speech sounds.
2. Auditory Phonetics: It is the branch of phonetics that deals with the way human speech sounds are perceived. It the study of the processing and interpretation of speech sounds by the ear, the nervous system and the brain.