Fractal surfaces of synthetical dem generated by grass gis module r surf fractal from etopo1 raster grid
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J. Geod. Geoinf., 2020, 7(2):86-102 'r.surf.fractal' uses Fastest Fourier Transform in the West (FFTW) (URL-5) , which is a comprehensive collection of fast routines of C programming language for computing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its various special cases, well described in relevant technical documentation (Duhamel & Vetterli, 1990; Frigo & Johnson, 1997; Frigo & Johnson, 1998; Frigo, 1999; Johnson & Frigo, 2006) . The FFTW transforms data both in one-dimensional and multi-dimensional input forms. This study, focusing on the artificial topographic modelling of the Kuril region (Greater Kuril Chain and Sakhalin Island), aims to model topographic surface (curvature, slopes, shaded relief) based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and then to assess three fractal dimensions in order to establish the best-fitting model for the artificial spatial distribution of the geomorphic landforms using GRASS GIS algorithm. Natural landforms vary across the continuous Earth’s surface varying in scales and sizes (Evans & Cox, 2005) with flexible fractal patterns of the landscapes. The concept of the geographic scale and fractal dimensions introduced by Mandelbrot (1967) is based upon the assumption that topographic perception largely correlates with the generalization of the scale of the view. In other words, a combination of the size or dimensions of the area of interest (AOI) directly controls the extent of the observed terrain coverage. Second, the generalization of the topographic map presented in the minuteness and coverage of the classified DEM depends on the resolution of the input DEM, which is used as raw input data and on the fractal dimensions, as on the presented two scales of the fractals. Therefore, the research questions of the study are as follows: 1) Can several topographic surface models in DEM be identified by GRASS GIS? 2) Which fractal dimensions from the proposed ones (dim=2.0001, dim=2.0050, dim=2.0100) can be identified as best-fitting models for the relief modelling for the difficult to access areas? 3) How a sequence of GRASS GIS modules (r.surf.fractal r.relief, d.shade, d.grid, d.frame, d.mon, d.rast, d.vect, r.colors, r.contour) can be used technically for plotting cartographic visualization through a shell scripting approach? 4) How can fractal maps be used as visual indexes to the topographic phenomena depicting relief objects that are contained in the Earth’s landscapes through artificial geomorphological modelling? Through focusing on these questions, the current study is applying methods of artificial intelligence and machine learning as advanced methods contributing to the development of the traditional cartography through automatization techniques. The research aim is to find an appropriate modelling scale for visualizing the behavior of topographic surfaces through testing of three various dimensions. Since topographic surfaces are statistically self-similar, and that a parameter of the fractal dimension is applicable at various scales, the paper aims to test if scale variations eventually affect final topographic models of the study area by fractals modelling. Thus, this paper aims at the empirical examinations of three dimensions (dim=2.0001, dim=2.0050, dim=2.0100) of the topographic samples covering the Kuril-Kamchatka region. The objective of the study is represented by cartographic scripting in GRASS GIS in order to highlight technical possibilities of the GRASS GIS syntax for fractal modelling. The two objectives of this research are: 1) to identify the spatial distribution of various representative landforms artificially generated on the Kamchatka Peninsula; 2) to analyze cartographic functionality of the GRASS GIS with respect to its modelling techniques used for processing geoinformation. By building three fractal maps based on the ETOPO1 DEM, this study was expected to gain an impression of change in the dimension of scale, detail and shape of the relief landforms on the selected fragments of the study area. Download 1.91 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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