Гальперин И. Р. Стилистика английского языка

Hamm, V. M. Meter and Meaning. – In: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, LXIX, 1954.
Hill, Archibald A. Essays in Literary Analysis. Austin, Texas, 1966.
Hill, Archibald A. Analogies. Icons and Images in Relation to Semantic Content of Discourses. "Style", vol. 2, No. 3, 1968.
Hill, Archibald A. Poetry and Stylistics. – In: Essays on the Language of Literature, Boston, 1967.
Hill, Archibald A. Some Further Thoughts on Grammaticality and Poetic Language. "Style", vol. 1. No. 2, 1967.
Jakobson, R. Linguistics and Poetics. – In: Style in Language, The M. I. T. Press,
1966.
Jakobson, R. The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles. – In: Fundamentals of Language, Qravenhoge, 1956.
Kaskenniemi, Inna. Studies in the Vocabulary of English Drama 1550-1600. Turku,
1962.
Kukharenko V. A. Seminars in Style. M., 1971.
Kurylowicz, I. Accent and Quantity as Elements of Rhythm. – In: Poetics, Warsaw,
1966.
Levin, Samuel R. Poetry and Grammaticalness. – In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, The Hague, 1964.
Literary Style: A Symposium, Ldn, N. Y., 1971.
Mistrik, Josef. Slovenska Stylistika. Bratislava, 1965.
Murry, J. Middleton. The Problem of Style. Ldn, 1961.
Nosek, Juri. Metaphor in Modern Colloquial English. Philologica 5, Prague, 1967.
Nowottny, Winifred. The Language Poets Use. Ldn, 1962..
Ohmann, R. M. Prolegomena to the Analysis of Prose Style. – In: Style in Prose Fiction, N. Y. 1959.
Patterns of Literary Style. Ldn, 1971.
Quirk, Randolph. The Use of English. Ldn, 1962.
Read, Herbert. English Prose Style. Ldn, 1963.
Richards, J. A. Practical Criticism: A Study of Literary Judgement. Ldn, 1948.
Riffaterre, M. The Stylistic Function. – In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, The Hague, 1964.
Riffaterre, M. Criteria for Style Analysis. "Word", 1959, No. 2.
Riffaterre, M. Stylistic Context. "Word", 1960, vol. 16, No. 2.
Riesel E., Schendels E. Deutsche Stilistik. M., 1975.
Stankiewicz, Edw. Linguistics and the Study of Poetic Language. – In: Style in Language. Cambridge, Mass. & N. Y., 1966.
Style in Language. Ed. by Sebeok Th. A. N. Y.-L., 1960.
Ullmann, S. Language and Style. N. Y., 1964.
Wellek R. and Warren A. Theory of Literature. 3rd ed., N. Y., 1962.
Zirmunsky V. M. On Rhythmic Prose. – In: To Honor Roman Jakobson, The Hague, 1967.

1 Белый А. О ритме. В ст. «Горы», М., 1920.
Брик О. М. Ритм и синтаксис. – «Новый Леф», 1928, № 3 – 6. Виноградов В. В. О задачах стилистики. – В сб.: Русская речь, 1923. Винокур Г. О. Поэтика, лингвистика, социология. – «Леф», 1923, № 3. Жирмунский В. М. Задачи поэтики. – Сб. «Начала», 1921, № 1. Жирмунский В. М. Введение в метрику. Л., 1925. Поэтика. Сборники по теории поэтической речи. 1919. Тынянов Ю. Н. Проблемы стихотворного языка. Л., 1924. Тынянов Ю. Н., Якобсон Р. Проблемы изучения литературы и языка. – «Новый Леф», 1927, № 12.
Якобсон Р. О. О чешском стихе. Берлин, 1923.

2 «Вопросы языкознания», 1954, №№2 – 6 и 1955, № 1. Статьи по стилистике.

3 "Style in Language", ed. by Т. Sebeok. N. Y. – Ldn, 1960.

4 Проблемы лингвистической стилистики. Тезисы докладов. I МГПИИЯ> 1969. ⁵ См. библиографию в конце книги.

1 Все цитаты из русских авторов переведены на английский язык мною. И. Г.

1 Riffaterre, M. The Stylistic Function, Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Linguists, The Hague, 1964, pp. 316-17.

2 Hill, Archibald A. Poetry and Stylistics. – In: "Essays in Literary Linguistics, p. 54.

1 Chatman, Seymour. Stylistics: Quantitative and Qualitative, 1967, v. 1, p. 30.

2 Winter, Werner. Styles as Dialects. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, p. 324.

3 See "Style in Language", ed. by T. Sebeok. N. Y., 1960, p. 427.

4 In linguistics there are two terms now generally recognized and widely used – plane of expression and plane of content. These are synonymous to the concepts form and matter.

1 See: Виноградов В. В. Проблема авторства и теория стилей. М., 1961, с. 69.

2 Жирмунский В. М. Стихотворение Гёте «Ты знаешь край...». – В сб.: Проблемы
международных литературных связей, Л., 1962, с. 50.

1 Мопассан Ги де. Статьи и очерки 1876 – 1891. Госиздат, 1950, т. XIII, с. 200.

2 J. Middleton Murry. The Problem of Style. Ldn, 1961, pp. 14-15.

3 See Nils Erik Enkvist. Linguistic Stylistics. The Hague-Paris, 1973, § 6.

4 Saintsbury, G. Miscellaneous Essays. Ldn, 1895, p. 85.

5 Вандриес Ж. Язык. М., 1937, с. 251-52.

1 Joubert. Quoted from N. Foerster & J. M. Steadman Jr. Sentences and Thinking. N. Y., 1923, p. 1.

2 See also Victor M. Hamm. Meter and Meaning. PMLA, 1954, No. 4, Part 1, p. 698.

1 Щерба Л. В. Избранные работы по языкознанию и фонетике, М., 1958, т. 1, с. 65.

2 Вахек И. К проблеме письменного языка. – В сб.: Пражский лингвистический кружок, М., 1967, с. 530.

3 Halliday, М. А. К. Linguistic Function and Literary Style. – In: "Literary Style: A Symposium." Ldn, 1971, p. 314.

1 See also A. E. Darbyshire. A Grammar of Style. Ldn., 1971, p. 186.

1 See in this connection a special magazine LOP (Language of Poetry) where a number of articles are devoted to various attempts to decipher such messages.

2 Sapir, E. Language. N. Y., 1921, p. 240.

1 Щерба Л. В. Спорные вопросы русской грамматики. – «Русский язык в школе». М., 1939, № 1, с. 10.

2 Ibid.

1 Op. cit., pp. 10-11.

1 Белинский В. Г. Русская литература в 1843 г. Собр. соч., 1948, т. VIII, с. 396.

2 Гвоздев А. Н. Очерки по стилистике русского языка. М., 1952, с. 8.

3 See Lucas, F. L. Style. Ldn, 1962.

1 David Crystal and Derek Davy. Investigating English Style. Ldn, 1969, p. 21.

1 Chatman, Seymour. Stylistics: Qualitative and Quantitative. - In: "Style", vol. 1, 1967, No. 1, p. 34.

1 By 'free variation' is meant the substitution of one form by another without any change of meaning.

2 'Gestalt' is a term in psychology which denotes a phenomenon as a whole, a kind of oneness, as something indivisible into component parts. The term has been borrowed by linguistics to denote the inseparability of the whole of a poetic work.

3 De Groot A. W. Proceedings of the IX International Congress of Linguists, p. 295.

4 Жирмунский В. M. Вопросы теории Литературы. Сб. статей. Л., «Academia», 1928, с. 354.

1 Потебня А. А. Из записок по теории словесности. Харьков, 1905, с. 204.

1 Stankievicz, E. Problems of Emotive Language. – In: "Approaches to Semiotics". The Hague, 1964, p. 246.

2 For a more detailed analysis of the information carried by SDs see Гальперин И. Р. «Информативность единиц языка». М., 1974.

1 This does not mean, however, that the spoken communications lack individuality and have no distinct styles of their own. Folklore, for example, is undoubtedly a functional style inasmuch as it has a definite aim in communicating its facts and ideas, and is therefore characterized by a deliberately chosen language means. Here we shall confine our attention to the study of the functional styles bred within the literary written standard. Those types of literature which began life purely as speech, were passed on by word of mouth, subsequently perpetuated in writing, are left to the care of specialists in folklore.

1 See: Будагов Р. А. Литературные языки и языковые стили. М., 1967; Risel, E. Stilistik der Deutschen Sprache. M-, 1959.

1 Пушкин А. С. Полное собрание сочинений. Т. 12, с 96

2 In PMLA, v. LXX, No. 5, p. 976.

1 Whitehall, H. Structural Essentials of English. N. Y., 1956, p. 104.

1 "Speaking of Books". The N. Y. Times Book Review, March 29, 1964.

2 Горький М. О литературе. М., 1937, с. 220.

3 For the definition of the norm and its variants see pp. 18-19.

1 Wyld, H. C. A History of Modern Colloquial English. Ldn, 1935, pp. 18 – 19.

2 Baugh, Albert C. A History of the English Language. Ldn, 1963, p. 319.

1 Quirk, Randolph. The Use of English. Ldn, Longmans, 1962, pp. 95-96.

1 Baugh, Albert С Op. cit., p. 275.

2 Wyld, H. C. A History of Modern Colloquial English. Ldn, 1925, p. 102.

1 The influence of the Latinists can be seen, for example, in the words debt and doubt.
The b was inserted to make the words look more like the Latin originals.

2 The examples are taken from G. McKnight's Modern English in the Making. N. Y., 1956.

1 Terms born from an 'ink-horn', that is, words and phrases which were purposely coined by men-of-letters, and the meaning of which was obscure.

1 Quoted by H. С Wyld, op. cit., p. 154.

1 McKnight, G. H. Op. cit., p. 124.

2 Ibid.

3 McKnight, G. H. Op. cit., p. 373.

1 Wyld, H. C. Op, cit., p. 160.

1 McKnight, G. H. Op. cit., p. 390.

2 It is interesting to remark in passing that language theories of the 16th to the 18^th centuries were in general more concerned with what we would now call macrolinguistics in contrast to the present time when the process of atomization of language facts not infrequently overshadows observations concerning the nature and properties of units of communication.

3 See examples on pp. 239-240 ("Represented Speech").

1 McKnight, G. H. Op. cit., p. 509.

2 Quoted by McKnight, G. H. Op. cit., p. 518, ed. 1956.

3 Ibid, p. 517.

1 Jakobson, R. The Conference of Antropologists and Linguists. – In: "Selected Writings". The Hague, v. 2, p. 565.

2 Chafe, W. L. Meaning and the Structure of Language. Chicago, 1970, p. 351.

1 Ibid, p. 78.

1 Jakobson, R. Linguistics in Relation to Other Sciences. – In: "Selected Works". The Hague, v. 11, p. 659.

2 Кацнельсон С. Д. Типология языка и речевое мышление. Л., 1972, с. 154.

1 Резников Л. Гносеологические вопросы семиотики. Л., 1965, с. 9.

1 See Борн М. Физика в жизни моего поколения. М., 1963, с. 34

2 Ibid., p. 45.

3 Ibid, p. 13.

1 Such meanings are therefore also called derivative meanings.

1 Ullmann, Stephen. Words and their Use. Frederick Muller, Ldn, 1951, p. 28.

2 "The Penguin English Dictionary" edited by Q. N. Garmonsway.

3 Colouring is a loose term. It is used here as a synonym to contextual emotive meaning. But it may be used further on when we want to point out the effect on the utterance as a whole of a word with a strong emotive meaning.

1 Ullmann, Stephen. Words and their Use. Frederick Muller, Ldn, 1951, p. 107.

2 Verhaar, John W. M. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists. The Hague, 1966, p. 378.

1 Foster, Brian. The Changing English Language. Penguin Books, 1971, p. 12.

1 Vinogradov V. V. The Style of Pushkin. M., 1941, pp. 8 – 9.

1 Barfield, Owen. Poetic Diction. Ldn, 1952, 2d ed. (cit. from Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, p. 628)

2 Aristotle. Poetics. (cit. from Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton, 1969, p. 628)

1 Compare the Russian conjunction ибо.

1 Виноградов В. В. Цит. соч., с. 78 (сноска).

1 ¹ New York Times Magazine, July 15, 1958. 15

1 See "Subliminal Words are Never Finalized", New York Times Magazine, July, 15, 1958

1 The New York Times Book Review, Nov, 17, 1963.

1 New Statesman, 22 Feb., 1863.

1 See "Meaning from a Stylistic Point of View". (p. 57)

2 New Statesman and Nation, Feb. 8, 1963.

1 Greenough and Kitteridge. Words and their Ways in English Speech. N. Y., 1929, p. 55.

2 Partridge, Eric. Slang Today and Yesterday. Ldn, 1935, p. 36.

3 See: Гальперин И. P. О термине «слэнг», ВЯ, 1956, № 6.

1 See: Виноградов В. В. О культуре речи и неправильном словоупотреблении. «Литературная газета», 1951, 11 декабря, № 146.

1 Partridge, Eric. Op. cit., p. 5.

1 See also Prof. R. W. Burchfield's remark on the system of labelling in his Introduction to “A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary”. Oxford, 1972, p. XVI.

1 ken = a house which harbours thieves

2 spellken = a play-house or theatre

3 to queer a flat = to puzzle a silly fellow

4 to flash the muzzle (gun) on the high toby-spice = to rob on horse back

5 a lark = fun or sport of any kind

6 a blowing = a girl

7 swell = gentlemanly

8 nutty = pleasing (to be nuts on = to be infatuated with)

1 McKnight, G. H. Modern English in the Making. N. Y., 1956, p. 552.

2 Baugh, Albert C. History of the English Language, p. 385.

1 McKnight, G. H. Modern English in the Making. Ldn, 1930, p. 556.

1 Aug. 19, 1966.

1 Wyld, Cecil. Op. cit., pp. 13-14.

1 Wyld, H. С. Op. cit., p. 16.

1 New York Times Magazine, Nov. 10, 1963.

1 The New York Times Book Review, Sept. 17, 1961.

2 Evans, Bergan. Op. cit.

1 Bloomfield, L. Language. N.Y., 1961, p. 27.

2 Fonagy, Ivan. Communication in Poetry. – "Word", vol. 17, No. 2, 1961, p. 212.

3 Пастернак Б. Люди и положения. – «Новый мир», 1967, М., № I, с. 219.

4 Hymes, Dell H. Some of English Sonnets. – In: "Style in Language", ed. Th. Sebeok, 1960, p. 112.

1 De Groot, A. W. The Description of a Poem. Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists. Mouton L. C., 1964, p. 298.

1 Ibid., p. 300.

2 See: Жирмунский В. М. Введение в метрику. Л., 1925, с. 40.

3 Ibid., p. 44.

1 Murry, J. Middleton. The Problem of Style. Ldn, 1961, p. 86.

2 Пастернак Б. «Литературная Москва», 1956, с. 798.

3 Владимир Маяковский. Полное собрание сочинений в 13 томах, 1959, т. 12, c. 100 и 102.

4 Натт, V. М. Metre and Meaning. PMLA, 1954, No. 4, p. 700.

5 Hamm, V. M. Op. cit., p. 706.

6 Ibid., p. 709-710.

7 For the kinds of metre and the deviations from it see the chapter on Language of Poetry, p. 252.

1 Jakobson, R. Linguistics and Poetics. – In: "Style in Language", p. 364.

2 Cf. J. A. Richard's statement that "The ear ... grows tired of strict regularity, but delights in recognizing behind the variations the standard that still governs them" (Practical Criticism, p. 227).

3 Jakobson R. Op. cit., p. 360.

4 See a very interesting article by V. M. Zirmunsky on rhythmic prose, in "To Honor R. Jakobson", Mouton, 1967.

1 Jakobson, R. Op. cit., p. 365.

1 Op. cit., p. 83.

2 Виноградов В. В. Стиль Пушкина. М., 1945, с. 89.

1 Preface to Critical Reading. N. Y., 1956, p. 270.

1 See: Galperin I. R. An Essay in Stylistic Analysis. M., 1968, p. 25.

1 We shall here disregard the difference between polysemy and homonymy, it being irrelevant, more or less, for stylistic purposes.

1 См. также Балла Ш. Французская стилистика. М., 1961, с. 17.

2 Томашевский Б. Язык писателя. «Литературная газета», №69, 2 июня 1951.

1 Бабайцева В. В. О выражении в языке взаимодействия между чувственной и абстрактной ступенями познания действительности. – «Язык и мышление», М., 1967, с 57.

1 See the analysis of the sonnet, pp. 259 – 260.

2 It is interesting to note here that out of the four interjections used by Shakespeare in his sonnets (0, Ah, alack (alas), ay) the interjection 0 is used forty-eight times, Ah five times, alack – twice, and ay – twice.

1 The last two are somewhat archaic and used mostly in poetical language. Egad is also archaic.

1 Akhmanova O. S. Lexical and Syntactical Collocations in Contemporary English. "Zeitschrift fur Anglistik und Amerikanistik", M., 1958, Heft I, p. 19.

1 Виноградов В. В. Русский язык. М., 1938, т. 1, с. 121 – 122.

1 The New York Times Book Review, Nov. 13, 1966.

1 See: Ярцева В. Н. Развитие национального литературного английского языка. М., 1969, с. 89.

1 Preface to Critical Reading. N. Y., 1956, p. 91.

1 Белинский В. Г. Собр. соч. в трех томах. Госиздат, 1948, т. II, с. 407.

1 The New. York Times Book Review, Nov. 23, 1958.

1 New Statesman and Nation, June 15, 1957.

2 Baugh, Albert С Op. cit., p. 375.

1 New York Times, Nov. 6, 1964.

2 Ibid.

3 Quirk, Randolph. The Use of English. Longmans, 1962, p. 118.

4 «Литературная газета», 1965, 22/VI.

1 McKnight, G. H. Modern English in the Making. Ldn, 1930, p. 543.

1 Потебня А. А. Из записок по теории словесности. Харьков, 1905, с. 355.

2 See «Вопросы языкознания», 1953, № 1, с. 16.

1 August 31, 1958.

2 Ibid.

3 Altick, R. D. Preface to Critical Reading. Holt, N. Y., 1956, p. 100.

1 Ibid.

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

1 the archaic form of glitters

1 Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves.

1 Cf. Chafe, W. Meaning and the Structure of Language. Chicago, 1970, p. 173.

1 A quotation from Byron's "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers" will be apt as a comment here: "With just enough of learning to misquote."

1 Daily Worker, Feb. 1, 1962.

1 See: Винокур Г. О. Маяковский – новатор языка. М., 1943, с. 15 – 16.

1 Lyons, John. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge, 1971, pp. 155 – 56.

1 Thome, J. P. Generative Grammar and Stylistic Analysis. – In: "New Horizons in Linguistics", Ldn, 1971, p. 189.

2 See Lyons, John. Introduction. – In: "New Horizons in Linguistics", Ldn, 1971, p. 24; Bolinger, D. The Atomization of Meaning. – "Language", 1965, vol. 41, 4, p. 555.

3 See: Гальперин И. P. О понятии «текст». ВЯ. 1974, № 6.

1 Пешковский А. М. Интонация и грамматика. – «Известия русского языка и словесности». Л., 1928, т. I. кн. 2, с. 463.

1 Jespersen, 0. Essentials of English Grammar. Ldn, 1943, p. 99.

2 See: Ярцева В. Н. Основной характер словосочетаний в английском языке. – «Изв. АН СССР, ОЛЯ», 1947, вып. 6.

1 See Peshkovsky's remark on p. 202.

2 Random House Dictionary of the English Language. N. Y., 1967.

1 Вандриес Ж. Язык. М., 1937, с. 147.

1 New York Times. London Literary Letter.

1 Hill, Archibald G. Some Points in the Analysis of Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn" in Essays in Literary Analysis. Austin, Texas, 1966.

2 H. A. Wootton and С W. R. Hooker. A Text Book on Chemistry.

1 The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. N. Y., 1967, p. 1941

1 Whitehall, H. Structural Essentials of English. N. Y., 1956, p. 64.

1 АДД – автореферат докторской диссертации.
АКД – автореферат кандидатской диссертации.