Glisten => if sth glistens, it shines because it is wet or covered with oil. His forehead was glistening with sweat(ter). Pine


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Bog'liq
Health Words

Reluctant => not willing to do sth. A)used for describing someone who is doing something but does not really want to
Ongoing => still happening or being done
((297)) Conception => the moment when a woman or female animal becomes pregnant after sex
call out => to shout something, especially when you are trying to get someone’s attention. - Hands up, please – don’t call out. -in here!’ she called out.
Say cheese => used for telling someone to smile when you are taking their photograph
Snap => to take a photograph of someone or something
Fetal = foetal => relating to a foetus(a developing baby human or animal, before it is born)
For keeps => for ever, or for always. -Once the army moves in, it will be there for keeps.
((299)) Cuddle => (v) if you cuddle someone, you put your arms round them and hold them close to show that you like or love them. (n) an act of cuddling someone
((300)) Purely => completely, or as the only issue or reason
Grant => to allow someone to have or do what they want
Maternity => designed or provided for women who are pregnant or who have just had a baby
Paternity => the fact of being the father of a child
Weigh => to consider all the aspects of a situation carefully before making a decision
Obstetrician => a doctor whose job is to check the health of pregnant women and help with the birth of their children(akusher)
Midwife => a nurse whose job is to look after women when they are giving birth to a baby
Obstetrics => the part of medicine that deals with pregnant women and childbirth
((301)) Prenatal => relating to the period of time when a woman is pregnant
Crucial => something that is crucial is extremely important because it has a major effect on the result of something Contraception => methods for preventing a woman from becoming pregnant, or the use of such methods
Infertile => not physically able to have children
Surrogate mother => a woman who gives birth to a baby for another woman who cannot have children
Option => something that you can choose in a particular situation (tanlash)
Inseminate => to put sperm into a woman or female animal in order to make her pregnant
Screen => to hide someone or something by being in front of them
For sale => available for people to buy
((302)) Deposit => to put or leave something somewhere
Zygote => a fertilized egg that has only just started developing and is not yet an embryo
Implant => 1to put something into someone’s body in a medical operation
((303)) Embryo => an animal or human before it is born, when it is beginning to develop and grow
Placenta => the organ through which a baby is connected to its mother’s blood supply in her womb before birth
Cord => strong thick string(chilvir).
Umbilical cord => a long tube that connects a baby to its mother before it is born and through which it receives food and oxygen. It is cut immediately after birth.
Virus => microscopic germ that causes disease.
((304)) Proportion => the relationship between two or more quantities or parts of a whole
((305)) Trimester => a period of three months, especially during the time when a woman is pregnant or during a university year
Morning sickness => a feeling of wanting to vomit that affects some women when they are pregnant
Swell => to become larger than normal, usually because of liquid collecting inside
Constipation => a condition in which you cannot move solid waste out of your body easily
Heartburn => a pain that feels like something is burning in your chest and is a type of indigestion
Burp => to make a noise when air from your stomach passes out through your mouth
Forerunner => an institution, custom, or thing that existed before a newer but similar thing
((307)) Amniocentesis => a test carried out on liquid taken from a pregnant woman’s womb in order to find out if the baby has any medical problems
Cultured => someone who is cultured is well educated and knows a lot about music, literature, and other arts
((309)) Assist => to help someone or something
((320)) Labor = labour => 3 the process by which a baby is pushed from its mother’s body when she is giving birth to it
Dilate => if part of your body dilates, it becomes bigger and wider
Contraction => a movement of a muscle in which it becomes tighter, especially the strong painful movement of the muscles of a woman’s womb that help to push a baby out during birth
Clamp => to put or hold something firmly in position
Suction => the force by which two surfaces stick to each other when the air between them has been removed
Mucus => a liquid produced in some parts of your body, for example the inside of your nose
Rate => to consider that someone or something has a particular quality or has achieved a particular standard or level
((311)) The afterbirth => the tissues(substances that cells are made of), including the placenta, that come out of a woman’s body after her baby is born
Ectopic => an ectopic pregnancy is one in which a baby starts to grow outside its mother’s womb
Miscarriage => the process of giving birth to a baby before it has developed enough to live
Expulsion => the process of forcing something out of a container or your body
Stillbirth => a birth in which the baby is born dead
Toxemia = toxaemia => blood poisoning caused by bacteria in the blood and the harmful substances that they produce
Convulsion => violent movements of a person’s body that they cannot control
Fetal = foetal => relating to a foetus(a developing baby human or animal, before it is born)
Draw => to move somewhere slowly or smoothly
((312)) Incompatible => ideas, systems, or machines that are incompatible are not able to work or exist together because of basic differences 2used about people who are so different that they cannot live or work together
Anesthesia => anaesthesia => an anaesthetic that is given to someone before they have a medical operation, or the use of anaesthetics
Incubator => a piece of hospital equipment that ill or premature babies lie in to be kept warm and given treatment
((313)) Chamber => an enclosed space, especially one inside a machine, a plant, or someone’s body
Triplet => a baby that is born at the same time as two other babies to the same mother. Two babies born together are twins and four babies born together are quadruplets.
identical twin => one of a pair of babies that a woman gives birth to at the same time that look exactly like each other because they have developed from a single egg
fraternal twin => one of a pair of babies from different eggs that a woman gives birth to at the same time. Two babies born from a single egg look exactly like each other and are called identical twins.
Eject => to make something come out from a machine, for example a dvd from a DVD player or a CD from a computer
Delight => a feeling of great happiness and pleasure
Resume => to start something again after stopping temporarily
((314)) Newborn => a baby who has just been born
Cozy = cosy => warm and comfortable, and making you feel relaxed(shinam va iliq)
Watery => pale, or not strong
Suckle => if a baby or young animal suckles, it sucks milk from a breast or udder.
((315)) Infancy => the time when you are a baby or a very young child
Miniature => a very small example or model of something that is usually much larger
Gaze => someone’s way of looking at someone or something
Hands-on => hands-on experience or training involves you doing something rather than just reading about it or watching other people do it
Pediatrician => paediatrician => a doctor who deals with children and the medical treatment of their illnesses
Toddler => a very young child who is learning how to walk
((316)) Manipulate => to skilfully handle, control, or use something
Show off => to behave in a way that is intended to attract people’s attention and make them admire you. -The children start showing off the minute anyone comes into the house.
Keep an eye on => to look after someone or something. -Will you keep an eye on things here until I get back?
Readily => easily 2. in a way that shows that you are willing
((317)) self-centred => too interested in yourself, so that you do not think about what other people feel or need
((318)) Readiness => 1a state of being ready and able to deal with what might or will happen
((321)) Note => way of speaking or writing that shows what someone’s feelings are.-There was an impatient note in her voice.
Leap => to suddenly improve, increase, or progress
Octave => a series of eight musical notes in a musical scale.
Vocal => relating to the voice, or done with the voice
Chord => three or more musical notes played together
Settle down => to become calm after being upset, nervous, or excited, or to make someone do this
((322)) Description => a statement about what someone or something is like
Undecided => if someone is undecided, they have not yet made a decision about something
((323)) Rely on someone/​something => to trust someone or something to do something for you. -My brother can help. At least we can rely on him. -Sometimes you just have to rely on your own judgment.
Appealing => attractive and interesting. -The building has an appealing old-fashioned charm.\
Pimple => a small red lump on your skin, especially on your face
Break out => if something such as spots break out, or if you break out in spots, spots start to appear on your skin. -Sweat was beginning to break out on his forehead. [break out in] -The skin on my arms was breaking out in a rash.
Brace => a set of wires that you wear on your teeth to push them into the correct position. The American word is
braces.
((324)) Menstruation => the process of menstruating(if a woman menstruates, she has a flow of blood from her womb, usually once a month)
Nocturnal => happening at night
Emission => a substance, especially a gas, that goes into the air
Awkward => not comfortable, relaxed, or confident. -He stood there looking stiff and awkward in his uniform. [feel awkward about (doing) something] -She felt awkward about asking to borrow more money.
Snub => to insult someone by ignoring them or being rude to them
Prom => a dance for secondary school students, usually held at the end of the year
Reject => someone or something that is not accepted because they have not reached the necessary standard. -It’s so cheap because it’s a reject. -The players were all rejects from other teams.
((325)) Proportions => the size or shape of something. -a chair of graceful proportions. -The tree can grow to massive proportions.
Puberty => the period of sexual development in which the body becomes physically able to produce chidren.
Consistent => not changing in behaviour, attitudes, or qualities. -Since joining the team last year, he has become our most consistent performer.
Ovulate => when a woman or female animal ovulates, she produces an egg in her body and can become pregnant
Arousal => a feeling of being sexually excited
Orgasm => the stage of sexual activity when sexual pleasure is strongest
Climax => 2an orgasm 1.the most exciting or important moment in a story, event, or situation, usually near the end
((326)) Pubic => connected with the area around the sexual organs. -pubic hair
Secrete => to produce a liquid such as saliva. -Glands in the animal’s skin secrete tiny proteins
Scalp => the skin under the hair on your head
Grooming => 1the process of making yourself tidy and clean
In spurts => only at some times within a period, not continuously. -The standard of his work has improved in spurts.
Surge => a sudden increase in the strength of a feeling
((327)) Trip = trip up => to hit your foot on sth and fall down. -The stairs are a little uneven, so be careful you don’t trip. [trip on/​over] -I tripped over a rock. (qoqilmoq)
Alter => to become different. -The situation has altered radically since last week.
Posture => the position that your body is in when you sit, stand, or walk. -Exercise can improve your posture
Bottomless => having no limits or end. -There isn’t a bottomless pit(an unlimited supply) of public money.
Binge => to do too much of something you enjoy, especially eating. [binge on] -He would binge on chocolate until he was sick.
Lasagna = lasagna => an Italian meal made with layers of flat pasta with a sauce, cheese, and meat or vegetables
Tacos => a Mexican food consisting of a flat piece of pastry that is folded around meat, beans etc and cooked until it is hard
Bloomer => a silly or embarrassing mistake
Adolescents who develop at an early age are sometimes called early bloomers. Those who develop at a late age are called late bloomers.
Regardless of => without being affected or influenced by anything else that happens or exists. -We will continue the race, regardless of the weather. -There must be equality of rights for all citizens, regardless of nationality.
Envious => unhappy because you want very much to do something that someone else does or to have something that they have
((328)) Stare => a long fixed look. -She shrugged, feeling a little uncomfortable under his hard stare.
Compensate => to behave in a way that is intended to reduce the effects of a personal fault. -Lack of confidence is often compensated for by an aggressive manner.
Accelerated => to happen or make something happen at a faster rate. -The increased capital could greatly accelerate
economic development.
Remedy => to correct or improve a situation. -The bill seeks to remedy a historic injustice in which black people were deprived of their right to own land.
((329)) Reason => to make a particular judgment after you have thought about the facts of a situation in an intelligent and sensible way
((330)) Justice => treatment of people that is fair and morally right. -the struggle for freedom and justice
Spaniel => a type of small dog with long ears and long shiny hair
Retriever => a type of large dog originally used for retrieving animals or birds shot by someone who is hunting
Introspection => the process of carefully examining your own feelings, thoughts, and ideas(I’m a good person, although I could be better in science if I studied)
Ethical => morally right. 2involving the principles used for deciding what is right and what is wrong
Curb => to control or limit something that is harmful. -Increased interest rates should curb inflation.
Hypothesis => an idea that attempts to explain something but has not yet been tested or proved to be correct. -Our findings support the hypothesis that these patients are at increased risk of heart disease.
Slavery => the system of owning people as slaves. -Ancient civilizations were based on slavery.
Elaborate => very detailed and complicated. -The government’s new healthcare plan is the most elaborate yet.
((331)) Fanciful => not serious or sensible. -What a fanciful suggestion!
Pros and cons => the advantages and disadvantages of something. [pros and cons of] -We need to look at the pros and cons of each system.
Con => a dishonest plan or method for making someone give you money. -The insurance scheme was just a big con.
“USE it” or ”LOSE it”
In the long run / term => not immediately but at some time in the future. -Cutting jobs could be more expensive in the long run if we have to hire freelancers. (keyinchalik)
((332)) Turbulent => a turbulent situation, place, or period is one in which there is a lot of uncontrolled change. -the country’s turbulent history
Expose => to provide someone with the opportunity to experience new ideas, activities etc so that they can learn about them. -Schools are again exposing children to the classics.
Torn between => unable to decide which of two people or things you want most. -Many women feel torn between having a family or a career.
Dilemma => a situation in which you have to make a difficult decision. -moral/​ethical/​political dilemmas
Go out => to have a romantic or sexual relationship with someone and spend a lot of time with them. -How long have Rob and Sue been going out? [go out with] -Greg used to go out with Katy.
Reputation => the opinion that people have about how good or how bad someone or something isHe did not have a good reputation in his home town.
((333)) Volunteer => to offer or choose to do something without being forced. -An accountant volunteered to help with the wildlife sanctuary’s accounts.(o’z hoxishi bilan tanlamoq)
Clarify => to explain something more clearly so that it is easier to understand. -Could you clarify your remarks? -He is expected to clarify his position today.
Identity => who you are, or what your name is. -Do you have any proof of identity?
((334)) Measure up => to be good enough. -The machines are being trialled to see how they measure up. [measure up to] -Will he measure up to the challenges that lie ahead of him?
((335)) Privilege => afzallik, imtiyoz, (-The country should extend trade privileges to its poorer neighbours.)
Flip side => the negative aspects of an idea, plan, or situation. -The flip side of the government’s economic growth policy is high inflation(pul qadrsizlanishi).
Take charge (of) => to take control and become responsible for someone or something. -It was a great relief when Heather arrived and took charge of the project.
Pathway => a path(a way from one place to another that people can walk along) that you can walk on
((336)) Consult => to ask for information or advice from someone who has special knowledge about a particular subject. -Before going on a diet, it is advisable to consult your doctor.
Autonomy => the power to make your own decisions. -New regulations have severely restricted the autonomy of doctors.
Acknowledge => to accept or admit that something exists, is true, or is real. -He never acknowledges his mistakes (admits that he has made them.)
Reckless => mulohazasiz, o’ylamay ish qiladigan
Enzyme => a natural chemical produced by animal and plant cells that helps reactions and other processes to start
Oxidise = oxidize => if a substance oxidizes, or if something oxidizes it, it combines with oxygen or loses hydrogen
Intervene => to become involved in a situation in order to try to stop or change it. - The police had to intervene when protesters blocked traffic.
((338)) Will => to make sth happen by wishing for it very strongly. -He was convinced he could win if he willed it enough.
Litter => to be spread around a place in large numbers.(tartibsiz holga keltirmoq) -The room was littered with broken glass.
Vandalism => the act of deliberately damaging or destroying things, especially public property
Disruptive => causing difficulties that interrupt something or prevent it from continuing
Endanger => to put someone or something into a situation where they might be harmed or damaged. -The hospital is accused of endangering patients’ lives.
((339)) Petition => a document signed by many people that asks someone in authority to do something(iltimosnoma)
Have your say => to get the chance to say what you think about sth. -I’m speaking now. You can have your say later!
Regardless => dan qat’iy nazar. - We will continue the race, regardless of the weather.
((340)) Move out => permanently to leave the house or flat where you live or the place where you have your business. -The house has been sold, and we’re moving out.
Newly => recently : used before past participles or adjectives. -the newly appointed chairperson of the company
Fret => to worry about something continuously. -Don’t fret, I’ll be fine.
Be struck by/ with sth => if you are struck by/with sth, it seems unusual, interesting, or impressive to you. -The first time I saw her I was struck by her beauty.
Unexplored => never visited by people. -an unexplored cave
((341)) Merely => used for emphasizing that something is small or unimportant. -This job is merely a way to pay my bills.
Integrate => to connect or combine two or more things so that together they form an effective unit or system
Discouraged => feeling that it is useless to try to do sth. -He sounded discouraged by the lack of progress in the talks.
Setback => a problem that delays or that stops progress or makes a situation worse
Drawback=> a feature of something that makes it less useful than it could be. -The main drawback of the scheme is its expense.
((342)) In spurt => only at some times within a period, not continuously. -The standard of his work has improved in spurts.
Blooming => looking healthy and attractive. This is often used about pregnant women, sometimes in a slightly humorous way.
((343)) Spurt => a sudden increase in something, for example speed or development. -Many children have a growth spurt(a period when they grow more quickly) in their teens.
Introspection => the process of carefully examining your own feelings, thoughts, and ideas
Identity => the qualities that make someone or something what they are and different from other people. -The countries have kept their own distinct political and cultural identities.
Softball => a game similar to baseball but played on a smaller field and with a larger softer ball
((344)) Snowman => a model of a person that children make using snow
Standpoint => a way of considering sth.(nuqtai nazar)
((347)) Defeat => failure to win a competition or to succeed in doing something. -England suffered a 2–0 defeat by Scotland.
Milestone => an event or achievement that marks an important stage in a process. -This film was a milestone in the history of cinema.
((348)) Reassure =>to make someone feel less worried about sth. -I’m afraid there’s not much I can say to reassure you.
Companionship => the relationship you have with a good friend who spends a lot of time with you
Validate => to officially prove that something is true or correct. -The evidence does seem to validate his claim.
Assess => to carefully consider a situation, person, or problem in order to make a judgment. -We tried to assess his suitability for the job.
((350)) Concern => a feeling of worry about something, especially one that a lot of people have about an important issue. - Many people expressed concern over moves to restore the death penalty.
Juggle => to try to balance several things that you are holding without dropping any of them. -She was juggling a glass of champagne and two plates of food.
((351)) Gray = grey => 2if a person or their hair is greying, their hair is becoming white
Impaired => if your body’s ability to do something is impaired, you are not fully able to do it.
Menopause => the time in a woman’s life when her periods stop and she is no longer capable of getting pregnant
((352)) Generative => capable of producing something
Welfare => the health and happiness of people. -We intend to make child welfare one of our priorities.
Midlife crisis => strong feelings of worry and doubt that some people have about their lives when they reach middle age
Likelihood => the chance that something might happen. [likelihood of] -The likelihood of developing cancer is increased in people who smoke.
Revalue => to calculate the value of something again in order to give it a higher value. -We need to revalue the stock options.
((353)) Renewed => happening again after a pause, and with more energy, strength, or enthusiasm than before. -Renewed efforts have finally led to an agreement.
Outgrow => 2to change as you grow up, so that you no longer behave in the way that you used to or no longer like the same things. -Childhood friends often outgrow each other.
Mold = mould => to give something a particular shape or form. [mould something into something] -Mould the dough into loaves.
((354)) Snap => to suddenly break something with a short loud noise, or to be broken in this way
Scalp => the skin under the hair on your head
Recede => if your hair is receding, less and less of it is growing at the front. -a receding hairline(higher than it used to be, because some hair has fallen out)
Luster = lustre => a bright, shiny appearance
Bruise => to cause a mark to appear on someone’s body by hitting or knocking it
Ailment => an illness, usually not a serious one
Diminish => to become less. -The intensity of the sound diminished gradually.
Obsess => if someone or something obsesses you, they are so important to you that you are always thinking about them, in a way that seems extreme to other people. -The thought of seeing him again completely obsessed her.
((355)) Acute => 2used for describing the senses and abilities of someone who notices things very quickly and easily
Strenuous => a strenuous activity is one in which it is necessary for you to use a lot of effort, energy, or strength. -The job involves strenuous work and long hours.
Parkinson’s disease => a serious illness that affects your nerves and makes you shake and move slowly. It mainly affects older people. Parkinson’s disease is often simply called Parkinson’s.
Cripple => to make someone physically disabled, especially unable to walk
Arthritis => a medical condition affecting your joints making them very swollen and painful
Bathtub => a bath for washing yourself in
Railing => a fence made of narrow posts supporting an upper bar
Alzheimer’s disease => a serious illness affecting your brain that makes it difficult for you to remember things and becomes worse as time passes. Alzheimer’s disease is often simply called Alzheimer’s.
((356)) Wisdom => the ability to make good decisions based on knowledge and experience. -The Egyptian leader was praised for his courage and wisdom.
((357)) Integrity => the stage of feeling complete; the quality of being in a good condition, without any damage or mistakes
Content => happy and satisfied with your life. -When I last saw her, she seemed quite content.
((358)) Dementia => a serious illness affecting someone’s brain and memory in which they gradually stop being able to think or behave in a normal way. Most forms of dementia usually affect only old people
Irreversible => impossible to change or bring back a previous condition or situation. -The damage to the environment is likely to be irreversible.
Senile => someone who is senile is confused, forgets things, or behaves in a strange way, because they are old
Relive => to remember an experience so clearly that you seem to be in the same situation again
Challenging => difficult to deal with or achieve, but interesting and enjoyable(katta kuch talab qiladigan)
Outing => a short journey that you take for enjoyment
Tuition => the work that a teacher does when they teach a particular subject, especially to one person or to a small group(talim, o’qitish)
Memorable => worth remembering or easy to remember, because of being special in some way. -The romantic evening cruise will be a memorable experience.
((359)) Prolong => to make something last longer. -The ongoing violence has prolonged the suffering of our people.
Dignity => the impressive behaviour of someone who controls their emotions in a difficult situation. -She faced her death with great dignity.
Indefinitely => for a period of time that has no fixed end. -It will keep indefinitely in a sealed container.
Cease => to stop happening or continuing. -Conversation ceased when she entered the room.
Hospice => a hospital that looks after people who are dying
Personnel => the people who work for a company or organization, or who are members of a military force
((360)) Terminal => a terminal illness cannot be cured and will cause someone to die, usually slowly
Controversial => a controversial subject, opinion, or decision is one that people disagree about or do not approve of
Tribute => something that you do, say, or build to show that you respect and admire someone or something
((362)) Correspond => to be connected or related to something. [correspond to] -In machine code, one instruction corresponds directly to one operation of the computer.
Oriented => mainly concerned with, or directed towards, a particular group, activity, or situation. -It’s a culture which is very family-oriented.
((363)) On track => doing or saying things that are likely to be successful or correct. -Vanessa got back on track and won the match.
((364)) Content => happy and satisfied with your life
((365)) Outweigh => to be more important, useful, or valuable than something else. -The possible benefits outweigh the risks involved.
((366)) Sigh => to breathe out slowly making a long soft sound, especially because you are disappointed, tired, annoyed, or relaxed
Pamphlet => a very thin book with a paper cover, usually given free to people
Tickle => to move your fingers gently on someone’s skin in order to give them a pleasant feeling or to make them laugh. -The dog rolled over, waiting for his tummy to be tickled.
((370)) make-up => substances that people put on their faces, including their eyes and lips, in order to look attractive or to change their appearance
Utensil => something that you use for cooking or eating with
Vaccinate => to treat a person or an animal with a vaccine to protect them against a disease. -Have you been vaccinated against yellow fever?
Tetanus => an illness in which your jaw and neck become stiff, caused by bacteria that enter a cut in your skin
Contagious => a contagious disease spreads from one person to another through touch or through the air
Pathogen => something such as bacteria or a virus that causes disease
Droplet => a very small drop of liquid
Chickenpox => an infectious disease that most children get once, in which the skin is covered with red spots. -Chickenpox is a more serious disease in adults.
Rabies => a very serious disease that makes an animal or a human feel crazy. Humans get it only if they are bitten by an animal with rabies.
Raccoon => a small animal with a black and white face and a long tail that lives mainly in North and Central America
((372)) Contaminate => to make something dirty, polluted, or poisonous by adding a chemical, waste, or infection. -Industrial sewage continues to contaminate our beaches.
Toxin => a poisonous substance that causes disease
Tetanus => an illness in which your jaw and neck become stiff, caused by bacteria that enter a cut in your skin’
((373)) Flea => a small jumping insect that lives on animals and bites them.
Typhus => a serious disease that is spread by some small insects
Fungi = fungus => a type of plant without leaves, flowers, or green colour that grows mainly in wet places or on decaying substances. There are many types of fungi, including mushrooms, mildews, yeasts(a white substance used for making bread rise or for making beer), and moulds.
((374)) Barrier => anything that prevents progress or makes it difficult for someone to achieve something
Shed => 1to get rid of something that is not wanted or is no longer necessary. -He is keen to shed his ‘bad-boy’ image.
Mucous membrane => a thin layer of skin that covers some parts of your body, for example the inside of your nose, and produces mucus to prevent itself from becoming dry
Expel => to force something out of a container or someone’s body
Inhale => to breathe air, smoke, or other substances into your lungs. -Maria inhaled deeply before speaking again.
Rhythmical => a rhythmic movement or sound has a clear and regular pattern
((375)) Inflammation => an area on your body that is swollen, red, and painful because of an infection or injury
Scrape => a slight injury or mark caused by rubbing against a rough surface
Splinter => a small sharp piece of material such as wood or glass that has broken off a bigger piece
Dilate => if part of your body dilates, it becomes bigger and wider
Phagocyte => a cell in your body that gets rid of bacteria and other harmful cells by taking them into itself
Inflamed => a part of your body that is inflamed is swollen, red, and painful because of an infection or injury
Wreckage => the parts of a vehicle or building that remain after it has been severely damaged
Lymphocyte => a white blood cell that attacks antigens(harmful substances that the body reacts to).
Engulf => to cover or surround something in a way that harms or destroys it. -Several workers died in the landslide that engulfed the old factory.
Lymph node => one of several small organs in your body that help to remove harmful bacteria from your blood
((376)) Lymph => a clear liquid in your body that cleans your tissues and helps to remove harmful bacteria from your blood
Antibody => a substance that your body produces in your blood to fight illnesses and infections. Antibodies are an important part of the immune system that protects your body against disease.
Interferon => a substance that your body produces to protect itself from viruses
((378)) Penetrating => affecting you by passing through layers that would normally protect you
Thermometer => a piece of equipment that measures temperature
Incubation period => the amount of time that it takes for the signs of an infection to become noticeable
((379)) Cranky => someone who is cranky gets annoyed easily. -Travelling can make you cranky, tired, and tense.
Contagious => a contagious disease spreads from one person to another through touch or through the air
Full-blown => in its most complete and developed form. -a full-blown economic crisis. 2a full-blown flower is completely open
Acute => very serious or severe
Convalesce => to spend time resting after an illness or operation in order to become healthier or stronger
Relapse => 1to become ill again after you had been getting better
((380)) Congestion => 2a condition in which a part of your body is blocked with blood or another liquid
Airborne => airborne germs/​dust/​particles
Rubella => an infectious disease that causes red spots on your skin. Rubella is a minor illness in children and adults, but can cause serious physical damage to babies before they are born. A less technical name for this is German measles.
Spray => if you spray a liquid, or if it sprays, it is forced out of a container through a small hole into the air
Viral => caused by or relating to a virus. -a viral infection
Tonsil => one of the two small pieces of flesh on each side of your throat at the back of your mouth
Fend => to defend yourself against an attack. -His opponent jumped back and tried to fend off the blows.
Nosebleed => an occasion when blood comes out of someone’s nose
Approve => to give official agreement or permission to something. [be approved for something] -These chemicals were only approved for use in animal foods.
Nasal => relating to your nose
((381)) Shot => an injection of a drug(when it is put into your body using a needle) given as a medical treatment
Hepatitis => an infectious disease of the liver that can be very serious
Jaundice => an illness affecting the liver that makes the skin and the white part of the eyes become yellow
((382)) Polio => a serious infectious disease that mostly affects children. It destroys muscle and can cause paralysis(lack of movement in your arms and legs). Polio is a short form of the more technical word poliomyelitis.
Vaccine => a substance put into the body, usually by injection, in order to provide protection against a disease
Administer => to give someone a drug or medical treatment. -The drugs are administered intravenously.
Oral => oral medicine is taken by mouth. -oral contraceptives
Alter => to make something or someone different. -This doesn’t alter the fact that what you did was wrong.
Activate => to make a piece of equipment or a process start working. -You can activate the system by buttons or voice recognition.
Booster => a small extra amount of a medical drug that you are given so that a drug you had before will continue to be effective
Rabies => a very serious disease that makes an animal or a human feel crazy. Humans get it only if they are bitten by an animal with rabies.
((383)) Antibiotic => a drug that cures illnesses and infections caused by bacteria. Doctors often give people a course of antibiotics, when they have to take a fixed amount of medicine each day for several days.
Inhibit => to make it difficult for a process to start or continue in a normal way
Over the counter => drugs and medicines that are available over the counter can be bought without a doctor’s prescription
((384)) Up-to-date => 1including the most recent news and information. -Visit our website for the most up-to-date match reports.
Pharmacology => the scientific study of medicines and drugs used for treating medical conditions. [pharmacology]
Pharmacist => someone whose job is to prepare medicines for sale in a shop or in a hospital. A pharmacist’s shop is called a pharmacist, a pharmacist’s, or a pharmacy.
Dispense => to prepare medicines and give them to people
Diarrhea = diarrhea => an illness in which you pass solid waste from your body too often and in a liquid form
Casserole => a deep dish with a lid, used for cooking a mixture of meat, vegetables etc in the oven
((389)) STD => a sexually transmitted disease
AIDS => acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a serious disease that destroys the body’s immune system and usually causes death. AIDS is passed from one person to another through body fluids, especially blood and semen. People first become HIV-positive and then develop full-blown AIDS
Hand out => to give things to different people in a group. -Would you hand these papers out for me?
((390)) Epidemic => a situation in which a disease spreads very quickly and infects many people
Reluctant => used for describing someone who is doing something but does not really want to
Timely => happening at the most suitable time. -hanks to the UN’s timely intervention, a crisis was avoided.
Frank => honest about the situation or your opinions, even if this offends people. [frank with] -The company has not been entirely frank with its workers.
Venereal disease => a disease that is spread when people have sex
Goddess => one of the female spirits or beings with special powers that people in some religions believe in and worship
Immunodeficiency => a condition in which your body does not have the normal protection against diseases
Burden => a serious or difficult responsibility that you have to deal with
Abstinence => the practice of avoiding something such as alcohol or sex
Hemophiliac = haemophiliac => someone who has haemophilia(a serious illness that prevents your blood from clotting when it should, for example when you cut yourself)
((391)) Structure => to plan or organize something. -The essay would be more convincing if the arguments had been better structured.
Syphilis => a serious disease that you can get by having sex with someone who is already infected with the disease
Chlamydia => a disease passed on during sex that can damage your reproductive system
Scabies => a disease in which your skin becomes very itchy(you want to rub it with your nails)
Gonorrhoea => a disease affecting the sex organs that is passed on during sex
Severity => the seriousness of something bad or unpleasant. -The severity of the storm was less than expected.
Hot-tub => a deep round bath filled with hot water for people to relax in
Infest => to make a place or situation very unpleasant by being present in large numbers or quantities
Susceptible => used for describing someone whose emotions are easy to influence
((392)) Devastate => to seriously damage or completely destroy something. -Western India was devastated by a huge earthquake.
((393)) Range => to be included in a group of numbers, ages, measurements etc with particular fixed limits. -Costs range from 50 to several hundred pounds.
Merely => used for emphasizing that something is small or unimportant. -This job is merely a way to pay my bills.
VD => venereal disease(a disease that is spread when people have sex)
Hotline => a telephone number that people can call for information, often in an emergency
Fidelity => the attitude or behaviour of someone who is willing to have sex only with their husband, wife, or partner(vafodorlik)
Bedlinen => sheets and pillowcases(covers for pillows)
((394)) Sterile => someone who is sterile is not able to produce children
Penicillin => a drug used for treating infections and illnesses caused by bacteria
Variable => something that can change and affect the result of a situation. -All these variables can affect a student’s performance.
((395)) Discharge => a liquid that comes out from a part of someone’s body when they are ill
Pus => a thick yellow liquid that forms in flesh that has an infection
Congenital => a congenital medical condition is one that a person has had since they were born
((396)) herpes => a disease caused by a virus that can make sore red spots appear on someone’s sex organs or near their mouth
((397)) Cesarean = cesarean section = caesarean => a medical operation in which a baby is born by being removed from a woman’s body through a cut made in her abdomen, because the baby cannot be born in the normal way.
Cervix => the entrance to the womb(the part of a woman’s body where a baby can grow)
Candida => a fungus in the body that can cause an infection called thrush(an infectious disease in which you have white spots inside your mouth)
Frothy => covered with or consisting of froth(a mass of small white bubbles of saliva coming from a person’s or animal’s mouth, especially because they are ill)
Wart => a small hard lump that grows on your skin, for example on your neck or hand, and is caused by a virus
((398)) Inspection => an official process of checking that things are in the correct condition or that people are doing what they should
Bedding => the sheets and covers that are used on a bed
Burrow => to make a hole or tunnel in the ground. -The dog burrowed into the earth, looking for the bone
((400)) Immunodeficiency => a condition in which your body does not have the normal protection against diseases
Semen => the liquid that contains sperm produced by the male sex organs
Courtesy of => as a result of. -Liverpool won the game courtesy of a fantastic shot by Locke.
((401)) Donate => to allow blood to be taken from your body for use in blood transfusions
Untrue => not correct, or not based on fact. -That is simply untrue. 2not loyal, especially to your husband or wife
Blood donor => someone who allows some of their blood to be taken from them so that it can be used in the medical treatment of someone else
Harbour => to keep a particular thought or feeling in your mind for a long time, -He still harboured doubts about her real intentions.
((402)) Opportunistic => an opportunistic disease or infection is one that attacks people who are already ill and who have a very weak immune system
((403)) Contaminated => made dirty, polluted, or poisonous by the addition of a chemical, waste, or infection
((404)) latex => a thick white liquid produced especially by the rubber tree and used for making rubber, paint, and glue
GM => genetically modified: used for describing crops whose genes have been changed to give them particular qualities, or for describing foods made from them
Marrow bone => a bone that has marrow(the soft substance inside bones, where blood cells develop) inside it, sometimes used for adding flavour to soup
Burn => an injury that you get when something burns your skin
((406)) Curb => to control or limit something that is harmful
Sheath => a condom. 1a cover used for carrying a knife or a sword
Category => a group of people or things that have similar qualities [fall into a category] => belong to a category . -Computer viruses fall into three broad categories.
Dosage => the amount of a medicine or drug that you take at one time
((407)) locate => to establish something in a particular place. -The company wants to locate the factory on land near the railway.
Supportive => helpful and sympathetic. -He has always been extremely supportive of her.
Invasion of privacy => an occasion when someone finds out or uses information about your private life, especially illegally
((409)) Skit => a short humorous performance or piece of writing
((411)) Zoom => to move with great speed and energy. -He came zooming down the street on his motorbike.
Maneuver = manoeuvre => to move someone or something in a situation that needs care or skill. -Katherine’s good at manoeuvring her car through heavy traffic.
Close in => to move nearer to someone, especially in order to surround them and stop them from escaping. -Enemy troops began closing in at dawn.
((413)) Tan => the dark colour of your skin when you have spent time in the sun
Originate => to begin to exist or appear for the first time
((415)) Hypertension => a condition in which your blood pressure is extremely high
Diuretic => a substance that makes your body produce more urine
((416)) Coronary => a heart attack
Starved => prevented from having enough of what you need. -I’m feeling starved of intelligent conversation.
((417)) Angina => a medical condition in which not enough blood gets to your heart, so that you get pains in your chest
Administer => to give someone a drug or medical treatment. -The drugs are administered intravenously.
Resuscitate => to make an unconscious person start to breathe again
CPR => cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a medical treatment in which you breathe air into someone’s mouth and press their chest repeatedly in order to make them start breathing again and make their heart start working again
((418)) Cerebrum => the front part of your brain that controls thinking, learning, and feeling. It is divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres.
Valve => the part of an organ or tube in your body that opens and closes to keep liquid flowing in the right direction
Varicose veins => a medical condition in which the veins in your legs become swollen and sore
Bluish => similar to blue or slightly blue in colour
Numb => a part of your body that is numb has no feeling
Unsteady => 2too weak or ill to walk well. -She’s still a bit unsteady on her feet.
((419)) obesity => a condition in which someone is too fat in a way that is dangerous for their health
Stocking => a piece of clothing worn on a woman’s foot and leg, held up by suspenders
Swinging door => a door without a handle that you can push open from either side and that closes automatically
Rheumatic => relating to or affected by rheumatism(an illness affecting your joints or muscles so that they swell and become stiff and painful)
Deformity => a part of someone’s body that is not the usual shape
Obstruct => to block a path, passage, door etc so that it is difficult or impossible for someone or something to move along or through it (to’sqinlik qilmoq)
re-route => to send something such as a vehicle or message along a different path
pacemaker => a small piece of electronic equipment connected to someone’s heart to help the heart muscles move regularly
detect => to prove that something is present using scientific methods. (ochmoq, fosh qilmoq)
ECG => a machine used in hospitals for showing how well someone’s heart is beating. The picture it shows or prints is also called an ECG.
((420)) Dye => a substance used for changing the colour of something such as clothing or your hair
Catheter => a thin tube put into your body to remove a liquid such as urine
Deceased => dead. -flowers on the graves of deceased relatives
((421)) Suppress => 3to stop a physical process from happening or developing. -These drugs should suppress your appetite.
Rejection => the failure of someone’s body to accept a new organ in a transplant operation
((422)) Cancer => a serious illness caused by a group of cells in the body increasing in an uncontrolled way. Cancer is often treated by chemotherapy (special drugs) or by radiotherapy
Malignant => a malignant tumour consists of cancer cells that can spread in the body
Benign => a benign lump in your body or a benign disease is not cancer and will not kill you
Metastasis => the spread of cancer to a new place in your body
Carcinogen => a substance that can cause cancer
Asbestos => a substance that does not burn easily that was used in building materials in the past. It is now known to cause cancer and is no longer used.
((423)) Incidence => lo’lam, miqdor.
Prostate => the organ in a man’s body that produces a liquid that combines with and carries sperm
Melanoma => a serious type of skin cancer caused especially by the light of the sun
Pigment => a natural substance that gives colour to something such as paint, skin, or hair
Oral => connected with the mouth
Obese => too fat, in a way that is dangerous for your health
Mammogram => a photograph of a woman’s breast taken using x-rays in order to discover whether she has breast cancer
((424)) Pap test => a cervical smear(a medical test in which cells are taken from a woman’s cervix to check for cancer. The American word is Pap smear)
Rectal => relating to the rectum(the lowest part of the tube through which solid waste leaves your body)
Dull => a dull pain is not very strong but continues for a long time. -I felt a dull ache in my stomach.
Stool => a piece of solid waste from someone’s body
Leukaemia = leukemia => a type of cancer affecting your blood
Hodgkin’s disease => a serious illness that is a type of cancer
Resonance => if a sound has resonance, it is deep and clear and continues for a long time
MRI scan => a medical test in which images are made of the organs inside your body, or the image that is produced in this way. MRI is a short form of magnetic resonance imaging.
((425)) Biopsy => a medical test in which cells are taken from your body and examined to find out if they are healthy
Nagging => affecting you in an unpleasant way for a long time and difficult to get rid of
Hoarse => someone who is hoarse or has a hoarse voice speaks in a low rough voice, usually because their throat is sore
((427)) Impaired => if your body’s ability to do something is impaired, you are not fully able to do it
Mobility => the ability to move a part of your body
Braille => a reading system for blind people that uses small raised marks that they feel with their fingers
Curb => a rule or control that stops or limits something
Seeing Eye Dog => a guide dog (a dog that is trained to lead a person who cannot see. The usual American word is seeing eye dog.)
Familiarize => to make someone learn or experience something so that they know about it. -I need to familiarize myself with the subject first.
((428)) Lip-read => to look at someone’s lips in order to understand what they are saying because you cannot hear them
Amplify => 2to explain something more thoroughly or give it more emphasis. 1to make sounds louder
Cane => a long thin stick that someone uses to help them walk, especially one with a curved handle
Measles => an infectious disease common in children in which there are red spots all over the body and a high temperature
Amputate => to remove someone’s arm, leg, hand, finger, or toe in a medical operation
Sophisticate => someone who knows a lot about things such as culture, fashion, and the modern world
Ramp => a slope connecting two levels of a building, road etc
((429)) Take the lead => 2to accept responsibility for dealing with a situation. -The United States took the lead in trying to salvage a deal at the peace talks.
Sum up => to give a summary of something. -I’ll sum up briefly and then we’ll take questions.
Underestimate => to think that someone has less power or ability than they really have. -Their big mistake was to underestimate their opponents’ skill in handling the news media.
((430)) Evaluate => to think carefully about something before making a judgment about its value, importance, or quality
Verify => to check or to prove that something is true or correct. -There was no way to verify his claims.
Assess => 2to calculate what something costs or is worth
((431)) Foolproof => a foolproof method, plan, or system is so well designed that it cannot go wrong or is certain to succeed. -He devised what he thought was a foolproof plan.
((438)) misuse => to use something in the wrong way or for the wrong purpose
Drowsy => feeling that you want to sleep
Downer => a drug that makes you feel relaxed or helps you sleep
Marijuana = cannabis => a drug made from the hemp(a plant with strong stems used for making rope) plant and usually smoked. Cannabis is illegal in most countries.
((439)) Side effect => 1an effect of a medicine that is not intended and could be unpleasant. -The treatment has no significant side effects.
Teaspoon = teaspoonful => the amount of food or liquid that a teaspoon holds
Exceed => to be greater than a number or amount. -You will need to fill in a form for any claim exceeding £500.
((440)) Interaction => the activity of being with and talking to other people, and the way that people react to each other
Dispenser => a machine or container that gives you a particular type of thing
((441)) expiration => the expiry(the end of a period of time during which an agreement, offer, or official document exists or can be used) of something.
Unlawful => something that is unlawful is illegal, especially something that would be considered legal in a different situation
((442)) High => a feeling of great happiness or excitement.- They’ve experienced both the highs and the lows of married life.
((443)) Pusher => someone who sells illegal drugs
((444)) Sprain => to injure a joint such as your wrist by suddenly stretching or turning it too much
Try-out => a test to see what someone or something is like or whether they are suitable or effective
Relieve => 1to make pain or another bad physical feeling less unpleasant
1to make pain or another bad physical feeling less unpleasant
At stake => likely to be lost or damaged if something fails. -People’s lives are at stake.
Foil => to prevent someone from doing something that they are trying to do(puchga chiqarmoq, barbod qilmoq)
Strand => a single thin piece of something, for example wire, cotton, or hair. -She tucked a strand of hair behind her ear.
((445)) Withdrawal symptoms => the unpleasant physical and mental effects suffered by someone who stops taking a substance that they are addicted to, especially a drug
Cramp => sudden severe pain in a tired muscle that becomes very tight
Seizure => a sudden attack of a disease such as epilepsy that makes your body shake. A more informal word for this is a fit
Convulsion => violent movements of a person’s body that they cannot control
Hallucination => something that you think you can see or hear that is not really there, especially because of an illness or the effect of drugs
Abrupt => behosdan, qo’qqisdan,
((446)) Wear off => if something such as a pain, an emotion, or a feeling wears off, it gradually disappears
Fine => an amount of money that you have to pay because you have broken the law
Violate => to do something that is in opposition to a law, agreement, principle etc(qonunni buzmoq)
Convict => to prove in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime
In jeopardy => likely to be damaged or destroyed.- The crisis put thousands of jobs in jeopardy.
((447)) Unpredictable => changing often, in a way that is impossible to prepare for. -The weather here is really unpredictable.
Underlying => underlying causes, facts, ideas etc are the real or basic ones, although they are not obvious or directly stated.(yashirin) -The underlying causes of the riots have been ignored.
Enlist => if you enlist someone or enlist their help, you ask them to help or support you. -We must enlist families as partners in their children’s education.
((448)) Depressant => a drug or substance that makes you feel relaxed and makes your body work and react more slowly
Sedative => a drug that makes someone calmer, or makes them sleep
Induce => to cause something, especially a mental or physical change. -Both treatments were effective in inducing remission of the disease.
Barbiturate => a strong drug that doctors give to people to make them calm or help them sleep
Hypnotic => something that is hypnotic makes you feel like sleeping, especially because it is repeated in a regular way
Epilepsy => a serious medical condition that affects the brain and makes you suddenly shake in an uncontrolled way or become unconscious
Slur => to speak without pronouncing the words clearly or separately, for example because you are very tired or drunk
Tranquillizer => a drug that makes people calmer when they are very worried or nervous
Nosebleed => an occasion when blood comes out of someone’s nose
((449)) Opium => a powerful illegal drug made from the seeds of a type of poppy flower. Opium was used in the past as a medicine for reducing pain.
Codeine => a drug, usually in the form of pills, used for reducing pain and controlling coughing
Heroin => a powerful illegal drug that people usually take by injecting it(using a needle). Heroin is very addictive. (it is very difficult to stop taking it.)
Morphine => a powerful drug used for reducing pain
Dealer => 2someone who sells illegal drugs, especially on the streets
Methadone => a strong drug that reduces pain and is often taken by people who want to stop using the drug heroin
((450)) Stimulant => a substance that makes you feel more awake when you eat it or drink it
Addictive => if a drug is addictive, people want to take it more and more and then find that they cannot stop taking it
Blurred => difficult to see clearly, or causing difficulty in seeing something clearly
Potent => if a drug, medicine, or chemical is potent, it has a strong effect
Purity => a state of being clean and free from anything harmful

((460)) Coax someone into/​out of (doing) something => to gently persuade someone to do something or not do something. -After dinner Lily was coaxed into singing several songs.


Uncool => not considered popular, attractive, or fashionable
Convincing => something that is convincing makes you believe that it is true or persuades you to do something
Phony = phoney => not real and intended to trick people 2someone who is phoney pretends to be friendly, clever, kind etc
Suspend => to officially stop someone from doing their job or from going to school for a limited time because they have done something wrong
Ground => to punish a child or young person by stopping them from going to places that they enjoy. -His parents grounded him for two weeks for smoking.
Rehash => to do something again without adding new ideas or without changing it. -We spent most of the meeting rehashing old issues.
((464)) Polish => to rub the surface of something in order to make it shine
Scrub => to wash or clean something by rubbing it hard, especially with a brush
Bumper => a long thin bar of metal or plastic fixed to the front or back of a vehicle, designed to protect it if it hits anything
Buff = buff up => to make something shine by rubbing it with something such as a soft cloth
Hood => a cover on a car or pram that can be pulled up to give protection from the rain or sun
((465)) Liquor => strong alcoholic drinks
Ethyl alcohol => ethanol => the type of alcohol in alcoholic drinks
Ferment => if food or drink ferments or is fermented, a chemical change happens to it and the sugar in it produces alcohol
Barley => a plant that produces grain used for making food, beer, and whisky
Distil => to make a liquid more pure by heating it until it becomes a gas and then making it colder so that it becomes a liquid again
Cane => the hard light stem of some plants, especially bamboo
Molasses = treacle => a thick sweet black liquid used in cooking
Barrel => a round wooden, metal, or plastic container with a flat top and bottom, used for storing liquids
((467)) Cask => a round wooden container for storing a liquid, especially alcoholic drink
((469))Diminish => to become less
Sober => not drunk. -We’ll talk about this tomorrow, when you’re sober.
Sober up => to become sober after being drunk
Tragic => causing or involving great sadness, because someone suffers or dies. -The couple never got over the tragic death of their son.
Hangover => the feeling of being tired and sick because you have drunk too much alcohol or taken too many drugs
((470)) Output => the amount of something that a person, organization, system etc produces. -Industrial output increased by four per cent last year.
((471)) Inhibition => a feeling of being embarrassed or not confident that makes it difficult to relax and do or say what you want to
Impotence => a medical condition in which a man is not able to have sex because his penis does not stay hard
((473)) Enhance => to improve something, or to make it more attractive or more valuable
((474)) Delirium tremens => a serious medical condition caused by drinking too much alcohol. Delirium tremens is often called the DTs.
((475)) Dent => a place where a surface has been pushed or knocked inwards
Get carried away => to become so excited or involved in something that you lose control of your feelings or behaviour. -Let’s not get carried away. The deal could still fall through.
Blackout => a period when you suddenly become unconscious, usually for a few minutes
Moderation => sensible behaviour, especially behaviour that involves not eating or drinking too much of something
((477)) Pedestrian => someone who is walking, especially in a town or city, instead of driving or riding
Drown => to sink under water and die
Theft => the crime of stealing. Someone who commits this crime is called a thief
Assault => a physical attack on someone, or the crime of physically attacking someone
Interact => if two or more people interact, or if one person interacts with another, they communicate with one another and react to one another, often while performing an activity together
Barbiturate => a strong drug that doctors give to people to make them calm or help them sleep
((478)) Ignition => he part of a car’s engine that makes the fuel start to burn so that the car can start
((479)) Breathalyzer => a piece of equipment used by the police for checking how much alcohol a driver has drunk. The driver blows into a special bag that measures the amount of alcohol in their breath.
((480)) Moderate => to make something less extreme, or to become less extreme
In advance => if you do something in advance, you do it in preparation for a particular time or event in the future. -Details of the meeting had been circulated well in advance.
Impress => if someone or something impresses you, you admire them
((481)) Ultimate => if you have something such as ultimate power or responsibility, you have more power or responsibility than anyone else. - Parents must have ultimate responsibility for their children’s safety.
((482)) Contract => to become infected with a disease. - She contracted pneumonia and died.
Condone => to approve of behaviour that most people think is wrong. - The school does not condone bullying of any kind.
((484)) Intervene => to become involved in a situation in order to try to stop or change it
The last / final straw = the straw that broke the camel’s back => the last of a series of events that causes an angry or violent reaction. - When he didn’t come home that night, it was the last straw
Give up on someone => to stop hoping that someone will improve and stop trying to help or change them. - Most of the teachers gave up on her years ago.
Be out of touch (with someone) => to not see, speak to, or write to someone any longer
((485)) Judgemental => too willing to criticize other people’s actions and behaviour and say that they are wrong
Enabling => making something possible, especially by giving someone the skills to do it
((489)) Stride => a long confident step
Lap => one complete turn around a course in a race
Stamina => the ability to work hard or to make a lot of effort over a long period of time without getting tired
Peak => a peak time, period etc is when the largest number of people are doing or using something
Hooked => if you are hooked on something, you find it so attractive or interesting that you want to do it as much as possible 2if you are hooked on drugs, you cannot stop taking them
((491)) Pinpoint => to discover or explain exactly what something is
Discourage => to try to prevent something from happening, especially because you do not approve of it or think it is harmful
((492)) Pretzel => a type of cracker that people often eat between meals or with beer. It is baked in the shape of a stick or a knot and covered with salt.
((495)) Tar => a sticky poisonous substance from tobacco that people who smoke cigarettes get in their lungs
((496)) Grit => very small pieces of stone or sand
((497)) Complexion => the appearance of the skin on someone’s face, and whether it is pale, dark, smooth etc
Taste buds => the areas of your tongue that recognize the flavours of food and drinks
Carbon monoxide => a poisonous gas with no colour or smell, produced by the engines of vehicles
((498)) Puff => to smoke a cigarette, pipe etc
White patch => a nicotine patch
((500)) Stillbirth => a birth in which the baby is born dead
((501)) Ordinance => an official order by a government, king, queen etc
Prohibit => to prevent something from happening or being done
((502)) Inconclusive => not producing a definite result or complete proof of something
((503)) Definite => certain. -There’s a definite link between smoking and some types of cancer.
Clove => a brown dried flower bud used as a spice for adding flavour to food
((504)) Rasp => an unpleasant sound like the one made by two rough surfaces rubbing together
Charcoal => a black substance made from burnt wood, used as a fuel, especially for cooking food outside. -You can also use sticks of charcoal for drawing.
((505)) Cold turkey => the unpleasant physical effects that someone feels when they suddenly stop taking a drug that they are addicted to
((508)) waft => if a smell or a noise wafts, it floats through the air in a gentle way
Booth => a table in a restaurant enclosed by two long seats with high backs
Observe => to accept and obey something such as a rule or an agreement. -The proper procedures must be strictly observed.
Conduct => to do something in an organized way. In ordinary speech it is more usual to say that someone carries something out (olib bormoq)
Shortly => 2if you say something shortly, you sound annoyed or rude 1soon, or happening only a short period of time after something
((509)) Visualize => to form a picture of someone or something in your mind
((515)) Disposal => the process of getting rid of something
Gallop => if a horse gallops, it runs at its fastest speed
Etching => a picture printed from a piece of metal that has been etched
Sagebrush => a bush with white flowers that grows in dry regions of the western US
Cast => to make light or a shadow appear in a particular place
((516)) Car-pool => a group of car owners who agree to travel together to work, college etc so that only one car is used each time
Appliance => a machine or piece of equipment that you have in your home, for example a washing machine or refrigerator
Litter => to be spread around a place in large numbers
Litter => things such as pieces of paper that people have dropped on the ground in a public place, making it untidy
Cleanser => a chemical liquid or powder used for cleaning kitchens, bathrooms etc
((517)) Biodegradable => biodegradable substances can be separated into very small parts by bacteria so that they are not harmful to the environment
Decomposer => a living thing, especially a bacterium or fungus that causes something to decay by a slow natural process
Abundant => existing or available in large quantities. -Rainfall is abundant in the region.
Sewage => waste substances, especially waste from people’s bodies, removed from houses and other buildings by a system of large underground pipes called sewers
Septic => infected with bacteria
((518)) Halt => to stop moving, or to stop a person or vehicle from moving. - The door was open, and she halted on the threshold.
Argon => a gas that is in the air and that does not produce a chemical reaction when mixed with other substances. It is sometimes used in electric lights.
Exhaust => gases or steam produced by an engine as it works
Sleet => a mixture of snow and rain
((519)) Nitric acid => a dangerous chemical used in industry and for making bombs
Dissolve => if a solid substance dissolves in a liquid, it is mixed into the liquid so that it becomes included in it
Acidity => the amount of acid in a substance, for example food, water, or soil. -This Australian Chardonnay is fruity with good acidity.
Haze => water, smoke, or dust in the air that makes it difficult to see clearly. -There was an early-morning haze across the valley.
((520)) Fluorocarbon => a chemical that is thought to damage the ozone layer of the Earth’s atmosphere
Fluorine => a chemical element that is a poisonous yellow gas
Windowsill => a shelf under a window
Soot => a dirty black powder that is produced when you burn something such as coal or wood
Spore => a structure consisting of one cell that is produced by something such as a fungus and can develop into a new living thing of the same type
((521)) Asbestos => a substance that does not burn easily that was used in building materials in the past. It is now known to cause cancer and is no longer used.
Shingles => an infectious disease that affects mainly adults, in which red sore spots cover a particular part of the body
Coat => to cover something with a layer of a substance. -The wind had coated everything with a layer of sand.
brake pad => the part of a brake that presses against a disc inside the wheel of a vehicle in order to stop the vehicle from moving
Elevation => the height of an area of land, usually measured from sea level
Inversion => a weather condition in which the air near the ground is colder than the air above it
((522)) Catalytic converter => a piece of equipment fitted to a car in order to reduce the amount of poisonous gases that it sends into the air
Exhaust => to use or consider all the possible ways of doing something. -We need to exhaust all possibilities before we give up.
Emission => a substance, especially a gas, that goes into the air. -New regulations are aimed at reducing vehicle emissions.
Inspection => an official process of checking that things are in the correct condition or that people are doing what they should(nazorat, tekshiruv)
Scrubber => a ball of plastic or metal fibres used for cleaning pans
Legislation => a law, or a set of laws. -Under current legislation, factories must keep noise to a minimum.
Day-to-day => happening every day as part of your normal life
appliance => a machine or piece of equipment that you have in your home, for example a washing machine or refrigerator
thermostat => a piece of equipment that controls the temperature in a building, machine, or engine
((523)) Take something for granted => to expect something always to happen or exist in a particular way, and to not think about any possible problems or difficulties. -Losing my job taught me never to take anything for granted.
Sewage => waste substances, especially waste from people’s bodies, removed from houses and other buildings by a system of large underground pipes called sewers
Biodegradable => biodegradable substances can be separated into very small parts by bacteria so that they are not harmful to the environment
Solvent => a liquid used for dissolving a solid substance so that it becomes part of the liquid
Contaminate => 1to make something dirty, polluted, or poisonous by adding a chemical, waste, or infection
Pesticide => a chemical used for killing insects, especially those that damage crops
Herbicide => a chemical used for killing weeds (plants that are not wanted)
Seep into => 1to flow into or out of something through small holes, usually when this should not happen. -Poisonous chemicals from the factory are seeping into our soil.
((524)) Algae => plants that have no roots, stems, or leaves and grow in water or in other wet places
Decomposer => a living thing, especially a bacterium or fungus that causes something to decay by a slow natural process
Knack => a skill or ability. -She had a knack of making people feel really special.
Plainly => in a direct and honest way, without trying to hide anything. -Speak plainly and no one will misunderstand you.
(((525)) Conserve => 1to prevent land, water, or other natural resources from being damaged or destroyed
Septic => infected with bacteria
Dump => to get rid of someone or something that you no longer want or need
((526)) Landfill => landfill site => a large hole in the ground where waste from people’s homes or from industry is buried
((527)) Speed things up => to make something move or happen faster. -We’re hoping the changes will help speed things up a bit.
Benzene => a liquid obtained from petroleum (a type of oil), used for making plastics and liquids for cleaning
Carcinogen => a substance that can cause cancer
((528)) Notify => to inform someone officially about something
((530)) Fallout => the dangerous dust that falls to the ground after a nuclear explosion
Malfunction => to fail to work or operate correctly
Radon => a type of radioactive gas that is produced when radium separates into the parts it is made of
((531)) Decibel => unit for measuring how loud a sound is
Peptic ulcer => a small painful area inside your stomach, usually caused by bacteria
((535)) Stethoscope => a piece of equipment used by doctors for listening to someone’s heart or breathing
Cuff => 1to hit someone with your open hand, usually on the head
((536)) Intern => 2a student, or someone who has recently obtained a degree, who works in a job in order to get experience
Allied => belonging to or connected with the countries that united to fight against Germany in the First and Second World Wars, or against Iraq in the Gulf War
((537)) Assess => to carefully consider a situation, person, or problem in order to make a judgment. -We tried to assess his suitability for the job. (baholamoq)
Capacity => hajm
Administer => to give someone a drug or medical treatment
Nurse practitioner => a nurse who has been trained to treat minor illnesses that are usually treated by a doctor
Supervise => to be in charge of a person or group of people and to check that they are behaving or working correctly(nazorat qilmoq, qarab turmoq)
Rehabilitation => 1to help someone to give up drugs or alcohol, so that they can return to a healthy, independent, and useful life
Primarily => mainly
((538)) Wart => a small hard lump that grows on your skin, for example on your neck or hand, and is caused by a virus
((540)) Convalescent => relating to a period of time spent resting and becoming healthier or stronger after an illness or operation
Hospice => a hospital that looks after people who are dying
Immunize => to prevent someone from getting a particular illness by putting a substance into their body, especially using a needle
Listings => a list of things such as films, plays, and exhibitions printed in a newspaper
((541)) Deserve => sazovar bo’lmoq, munosib bo’lmoq
Consideration => fikr mulohaza
Be affiliated to / with something => to be officially connected with a larger organization or group
Reserved => someone who is reserved tends not to talk about or show their feelings(uyatchang)
((542)) Solo => done by one person alone, without any help. -his first solo flight
((543)) Inoculate => to protect someone against a particular disease by injecting a medicine containing a small amount of the disease into them, so that their body becomes immune to it (emlash)
From head to toe => used for emphasizing that you mean all of someone’s body
Structural => related to the way that something such as an institution or economy is organized. -Structural changes were needed in the steel industry.
((544)) Knee-jerk => a knee-jerk reaction is immediate and not carefully considered
Kneecap => the bone at the front of your knee
Dumb => stupid
Ailment => an illness, usually not a serious one
Data bank => a large amount of data, especially when it is used by computers
((545)) Out-of-pocket expenses => money that you use to pay for things that you need, but which you can get back from the person or organization that is responsible for paying
Burden => the responsibility of paying an amount of money, especially when this is considered too much
Recuperate => to get better after being ill or injured
Premium => an amount of money that you pay regularly for an insurance policy
((546)) Periodic => happening regularly though not frequently(davriy)
Deductible => taken away from the total amount of money on which you pay tax
Exceed => to be greater than a number or amount. -You will need to fill in a form for any claim exceeding £500.
co- => coeducation (the education of boys and girls together)
Acupuncture => a medical treatment from China that involves putting special needles into particular parts of the body
Medicare => a system in the US in which the government pays part of the cost of medical treatment for people who are over 65 years old
Medicaid => a system of government health care for poor people in the US
Eligible => haqli, huquqli
((547)) Predetermined => happening or developing in a particular way because of things that have existed, happened, or been decided before. - The department has exceeded its predetermined level of spending.
((548)) Range from => to be included in a group of numbers, ages, measurements etc with particular fixed limits. -Costs range from 50 to several hundred pounds.
Misleading => intended or likely to make someone believe something that is incorrect or not true (noto’g’ri fikr hosil qiluvchi)
Appeal => qiziqtirmoq, jalb qilmoq
Be/​have something to do with something => used for saying that something is related to something else, especially when you do not know or do not give the exact details. -I can’t always open my emails – it has something to do with the type of attachment they come with.
Snob => someone who thinks they are better than other people, usually because of their social class. This word shows that you do not like people like this.(xudbin, o’zini oily darajada madaniyatli deb hisoblovchi kishi)
Bandwagon => an idea or activity, especially in politics or business, that suddenly becomes very popular or fashionable, so that a lot of people want to be involved in it
((549)) (the) chances are => used for saying that something is likely to happen but is not certain. -The chances are that I will be looking for a new job soon.
Generic => a generic drug or other product does not have a trademark and is sold without a company’s name on it
Coating => a thin layer that covers something. (qavat, qatlam)
((550)) Antiseptic => a substance used for cleaning injured skin and preventing infections
Ailment => an illness, usually not a serious one
Leaflet => a printed sheet of paper, usually folded, that is provided free and gives information about something
Quackery => bad medical treatment from doctors who are not very good at their job, or from people who cheat other people by pretending to be doctors
Revitalize => 2to make someone feel healthy again
Fraud => the crime of obtaining money from someone by tricking them
Fraudulent => made with the intention of tricking someone, especially illegally(qalloblarcha, muttahamlarcha)
Attorney => a lawyer(advokat)
State attorney = a state’s attorney => a lawyer who works for the state in US legal cases
Tamper with something => to touch something that you should not touch, and to change it in some way, often because you want to spoil it. -It was clear that someone had tampered with the computer.
((551)) Imitation => something that is a copy of something else, usually not as good as the original thing
Tonic => a medicine that you take to get more energy and feel healthier, especially after you have been ill or working too hard
((555)) Spatter => if you spatter a surface with a liquid, or if a liquid spatters onto a surface, small drops of the liquid are thrown onto the surface in a violent way
Rake => to use a rake to make an area of soil level or to remove leaves from the ground(Xaskash)
Polish = polish up => to improve a skill by practicing
Sewage => waste substances, especially waste from people’s bodies, removed from houses and other buildings by a system of large underground pipes called sewers. (yuvindi)
((556)) Polio => a serious infectious disease that mostly affects children. It destroys muscle and can cause paralysis(lack of movement in your arms and legs). Polio is a short form of the more technical word poliomyelitis
Bubonic plague => a serious infectious disease that killed millions of people in Europe and Asia in the past but is now fairly rare. It is passed on by the fleas that live on black rats.
Demons => things that worry someone or make them unhappy. Demon => iblis, shayton
Quarantine => a situation in which a person or animal that might have a disease is kept separate from other people or animals so that they do not catch the disease
((558)) Juvenile => relating to young people who have committed a crime or who are accused of committing a crime
Lyme disease => a serious disease caused by insects called ticks that can affect your nervous system and heart
((559)) Leukaemia => a type of cancer affecting your blood
((560)) Dedicated => spending all your time and effort on something(o’zini fido qilgan)
Administer => to be responsible for managing a company, organization, or institution(boshqarmoq)
Special needs => the particular needs of people who have physical or mental disabilities
Access => permission to see and talk to an important person
Street people => people who have no home and who sleep on the streets
((561)) Inspection => tekshiruv, nazorat
Enforce => joriy etmoq, tadbiq etmoq
((562)) Uphold => 1if a court of law upholds something such as a claim, it says that it is correct(qo’llab quvatlamoq)
((563)) vital statistics => information that shows the number of births, deaths, and marriages, and important health details in a particular population
((564)) Division => one of the parts into which a large organization is divided
((566)) Underprivileged => kam taminlangan
Launch => to start a major activity such as a military attack, a public investigation, or a new career or project
Distribute => tarqatib bermoq
Immunize => to prevent someone from getting a particular illness by putting a substance into their body, especially using a needle
The Peace Corps => an organization in the US that trains people to go and work in poor countries. A similar organization in the UK is VSO (Voluntary Service Overseas).
((567)) Herd => a large group of animals of the same type that live and move about together
((568)) Athon => used with some nouns and verbs to make nouns meaning an event or activity that lasts for a long time. These events are often organized in order to make money to help people
((569)) Peacemaker => someone who tries to help to end a war
Unrealistic => based on hopes or wishes, and not on what is likely or possible
Precede => to happen or exist before another person or thing. -The paragraph that precedes this one is unclear.
Distraction => something that gets your attention and prevents you from concentrating on something else. -We have work to do and it is essential that there are no distractions. 2.an activity that you can do for fun or entertainment
((571)) Paramedic => someone who is trained to give medical treatment to people at the place where an accident has happened
Pro => someone who works in sport, music, or art as a profession, rather than doing it for enjoyment. Pro is a short way of saying professional
((575)) Gauge => a piece of equipment that measures the amount of something
Fatigued => feeling extremely tired, either physically or mentally
Buddy => a friend
Likewise => in the same way, or in a similar way. 2. used for expressing the same thing that someone has just said to you. - ‘Have a good weekend.’ ‘Likewise.’
Flutter => ?
((576)) Suffocate => to die because you cannot breathe, or to kill someone in this way
Crib => a cot(a small bed with high sides that a baby sleeps in. The American word is crib.) for a baby
((577)) Toddler => a very young child who is learning how to walk
Flammable => likely to burn very quickly and easily
Smoke alarm => smoke detector => a piece of equipment that makes a loud noise when there is smoke in a room, used for warning people that there is a fire in the building
Plug => an object used for connecting a piece of equipment to an electricity supply. It is fitted to the end of an electrical wire called a flex and you push it into a special hole in the wall called a socket
Overload => to damage an electrical system or a piece of electrical equipment by putting too much electricity through it
Frayed => with fibres that are coming apart
Appliance => a machine or piece of equipment that you have in your home, for example a washing machine or refrigerator
Furnace => a large enclosed container in which you burn fuel, used for heating a building or for an industrial process such as making metal liquid
((578)) Grease => fat that comes out of meat when you cook it
Ventilate => to allow fresh air to enter a room or building
Latch => an object for keeping a door, gate etc fastened shut, consisting of a metal bar that fits into a hole or slot
Syrup => a sweet liquid made from sugar and water
Drown => to sink under water and die
((579)) Firearm => a gun, especially a small gun that you hold in one hand
Ammunition => bullets, bombs etc that can be fired from a weapon
Plug in => to be connected to an electricity supply or to another piece of equipment. -Can you see where it plugs in?
Electrocute => to kill or injure someone with electricity
((580)) Tape => to record sounds or pictures using tape
Board up => to cover a window or door with wooden boards
Rotate => to move in a circle around a fixed central point, or to move something in this way
Defibrillator => a piece of equipment for giving the heart an electric shock to make it start to beat normally again
((581)) Blizzard => a storm with a lot of snow and strong winds
Flash flood => a sudden unexpected flood
Crust => the thick outer surface of the Earth or another planet
Plate => one of the layers of rock that form the surface of the Earth
Shift => a change in something, for example in someone’s ideas or opinions
Civil defence => the organization and training of ordinary people to help defend themselves and their country during a war
Canned => canned food has been preserved in a metal container without air
((582)) Occupational => relating to, or caused by, your job
((583)) Pest => an insect or small animal that damages plants or supplies of food
Miner => someone whose job is to dig coal, gold etc from the ground
Recreational => done or used for enjoyment(hordiq chiqrish)
((584)) Afloat => floating on water
Fingertip => the end of your finger
Necessity => a process, thing, or action that is needed in a situation(zaruriyat, ehtiyoj)
((585)) Flotation device => a lifebelt or lifejacket
Dusk => the period of time at the end of the day just before it becomes dark
Dawn => the beginning of the day, when it begins to get light
Capsize => if you capsize a boat, or if it capsizes, it turns upside down or onto its side in the water. (suvga to’ntarmoq)
Toss => to throw something somewhere gently or in a slightly careless way
Traffic => to buy and sell things such as drugs or weapons illegally
Engage in something => to take part in a particular activity, especially one that involves competing with other people or talking to them
Stow => to put something somewhere while you are not using it. -Please stow your bags securely in the
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