Grimm's law and verner's law

2.2. Verner’s Law
Important series of consonant changes in Proto Ger was discovered in the 19^th by a Danish scholar,Carl Verner. They are known as Verner’s Law. Varner’s Law explains some correspondences of consonants which seemed to contradict Grimm’s Law & were for a long time regarded as exceptions. According to VL all the early PG voiceless fricatives (f, x) which arose under Grimm’s Law & also (s) inherited from PIE, became voiced b/n vowels if the preceding vowel was unstressed: in the absence of these conditions they remained voiceless. The voicing occurred in early PG at the time when the stress was not yet fixed on the root-morpheme. Varner’s Law accounts for the appearance of voiced fricative or later modifications (d) in the place of the voiceless (3) which ought to be expected under Grimm’s Law. In later PG, the phonetic condition that caused the voicing had disappeared: the stress had shifted to the 1^st syllable.⁶
As a result of voicing by Varner’s Law these arose an interchange of consonants in gram-l forms of the word. Part of the forms retained a voiceless fricative, while others acquired a voiced fricative.(in early PG) both consonants could undergo later changes in the OG lan-es, but the original dif-ce b/n them goes back to the time of movable word stress and PG voicing. The interchanges can be sent in the principal forms of some OG verbs, though most of the interchanges were leveled out by analogy.
There exists a sufficient number of Old English texts to form an opinion about what really the English language was in the times of Alfred and his successors. The language of the period bears a lot of traces in common with other inflected Indo-European languages, Ukrainian and Russian including.
The nominal parts of speech were declined, the infinitive of the verb likewise had a distinct infinitival suffix, the structure of the sentence had a subject, a predicate and secondary parts. Just like in our Slavic languages word order was free, and the nominal parts of speech had cases, there was agreement between the subject and the predicate, double negation was not prohibited.
Impersonal sentences had no subject. And a considerable number of words of the language had parallels in other known Indo European languages (brodor 6paт: duru .двepi). Some of sounds are found in all languages that we know, some are now known as phonetic symbols, and they are specifically English sounds. But some sounds which are found elsewhere, may not stand in the English words of Indo European origin in the same places. Sunu-sunus- cин; but duo –два twа.
By carefully studying present-day English words and comparing them with the words of our language we can related words in the languages: (flame Rus. пламя; Ukr. полум’я).
In the process of its development a great number of words were taken into English from other languages (mainly Latin or Greek):
first – primary; two – double; eight – octopus; eye – binoculars; tooth - dentist
In some others the changes are so significant, that we cannot see common features without knowing the major shifts in sound system.⁷