His ideas are in my head: peer-to-peer teacher observations as professional development
participants responded favorably to having an opportunity to choose a goal speci
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Hamilton-Hisideasareinmyhead
participants responded favorably to having an opportunity to choose a goal speci fic to their needs and interests, as well as choice regarding whom they wanted to watch. This was particularly evident in interview data. For example, Andrew, a 13- year veteran social studies teacher, explained that including choice provides addi- tional motivation and bene fit: ‘If you pick a goal that you actually want to do, then that ’s more beneficial to you.’ He also described P2POs as ‘win–win’ because administrators relinquished direct control, instead giving teachers flexibility to set goals and have choice as to which colleagues to observe. Comparing P2POs with traditional professional development, in which teachers sit and listen to someone, Andrew ’s motivation for observing others increased. He explained: ‘this is so much better. I choose. I decide. I go when I want. I like all that stuff ’ (emphasis added). Andrew ’s sense of autonomy is clear. Unlike other professional development experi- ences, with P2POs he is in charge of his learning and, it seems, is more willing to learn from his peers. In his words: ‘for our everyday job, the best instructors would be each other. That ’s why I wasn’t really turned away by the peer to peer stuff.’ Teachers ’ experiences related to P2POs also offered opportunities for direct classroom application, as related to choice. For Nancy, a 17-year veteran mathemat- ics teacher, participating in typical professional development in which teachers sit and listen to someone talk about a topic is: [a] struggle … because rarely is it something that is actually applicable in my course. … Even if I go in with an open mind, they start talking and immediately that little voice is going, ‘this doesn’t connect to what I’m able to use’. Nancy indicated that the addition of choice within the P2PO model favorably in flu- enced her experiences with P2POs, particularly as a means of implementing what she observed in her own classroom. She explained: I get to choose who I ’m looking for and I get to choose – with the person that I’m observing – when a good day is to come in. And I can let them know kind of what I ’m looking for. So I can choose what I’m going to find and then take the good with the bad. 10 E.R. Hamilton Downloaded by [Erica R. Hamilton] at 14:08 10 October 2012 Because choice was part of this P2PO model, Nancy experienced opportunities for individualization, self-direction and classroom application, which favorably in flu- enced how she experienced P2POs. Teachers ’ P2PO experiences and learning: ‘we have experts here’ In this section, I discuss the ways in which P2POs highlighted FHS faculty exper- tise and, in doing so, increased FHS collegial awareness and respect. In conduct- ing P2POs, teachers observed their colleagues ’ expertise and, in many cases, learned from it as well. In her explanation of P2POs, Principal Ritter stated: ‘There’s a wealth of knowledge within the building itself and I really wanted [FHS faculty] to draw on that and to see that we have experts here. ’ For some respondents, the recognition of their peers as experts manifested itself in the obser- vation of pedagogical knowledge. For others, colleagues demonstrated content expertise. According to one survey respondent: ‘sometimes we can learn the most from the teacher next door. ’ Rachel, in her eighth year of teaching mathematics, explained that P2POs enable faculty to have experiences watching and learning from: ‘people who are actually teaching, rather than somebody who thinks they ’re an expert on teaching … [It’s] bene ficial to go into other classrooms and see what other people are doing and learning. ’ Jonathan, a first-year social studies teacher, reported that his experiences with P2POs resulted in an increased understanding of how to make curriculum more relevant, his goal for the year. Comparing P2POs with a traditional model of professional development, in which teachers sit and listen to an expert talk about a topic, Jonathan explained: The whole idea of just observing peers? I like it. I think you get more out of that than you do just sitting and listening to someone. Seeing someone in their element, teach- ing a class is much more bene ficial because this is what we do every day. When you sit in a meeting with someone talking about [professional development] and I ’ve sat through meetings when you get done with them and you ’re like, ‘really?’ Not to be mean, but I don ’t know how beneficial this was. When you actually get to see it, you know, the classroom is where it ’s at. (Emphasis added) Jonathan ’s comment illustrates what many teachers believe to be true about teach- ing, learning and embedded professional development. That is, the classroom is where teachers enact pedagogy and practice. Classrooms are the places where teach- ers put theories to the test, attempting each day to create and facilitate meaningful learning opportunities for students. In this case, P2POs enabled teachers to watch and learn from real-time, real-life teaching, unscripted and live. As Jonathan ’s state- ment indicates, for classroom teachers there is no better place to experience and learn from colleagues ’ expertise than in the classrooms of their peers, many of whom are experts in their own right. Like themselves, their peers live and breathe teaching every day. Moreover, teacher expertise varies and is the result of individual and collective learning and experience. For Jonathan, many experts are next door and down the hall. Other interviewee and survey respondents supported this. One survey respon- dent indicated that, ‘we need to do more of this – we become so isolated in our “boxes” [that] we forget that there are incredible experts all around us’. Another explained that P2POs: ‘allow us to see each other as professionals and learn from Professional Development in Education 11 Downloaded by [Erica R. Hamilton] at 14:08 10 October 2012 one another. We are each other ’s best resource.’ Caroline, who has taught science at FHS for 22 years, discussed her goal related to learning how to use clickers in her classroom. The best way for her to learn, she said, was to find and talk to her peers who are already doing what she wants to learn (i.e. experts). Therefore, she sought to watch and learn from three teachers who already use this technology in their classrooms. New to FHS, Anna used P2POs to learn more about facilitating student group work. An English teacher with two years ’ experience outside FHS, she sought out and watched experienced colleagues who teach in her major and minor areas (i.e. English and social studies). After watching an experienced social studies teacher facilitate a group project during class, Anna explained: He was doing a group project so this was more of a large-scale project, as opposed to just quick pairing students. I wanted to see both sides because I ’m not really good with group things, in general. It was interesting for me to talk to him because he was explaining the rationale behind what he was doing. And although I ’m not likely to do a group project immediately, I could see, ‘Okay, you don’t necessarily need roles; here ’s the expectation, here’s what they have to do’, and I watched how he organized the group dynamics and how he assessed the students individually in the group. [I could see] what he looked for in the presentation and how he presented that to the stu- dents. I ’m working on developing a group project so his ideas are in my head, which is nice. (Emphasis added) In Anna ’s case, the ideas in her head came from a colleague, someone Anna sought out on the recommendation of fellow FHS faculty and one she described as an expert in his own right. Her experiences with P2POs enabled her to watch and learn and because of this P2PO, this teacher ’s expertise located itself inside Anna’s head, encouraging her to think more deeply about her own practice related to facilitating student groups and group work. Moving from one ’s classroom to another faculty member’s room affords oppor- tunities to watch expert teachers teaching (assuming that they are actually experts). It also provides multiple learning opportunities for observers because they focus their time and energy in a classroom, watching teachers teach and students learn. According to Andrew, teachers ‘live within their own walls’. Similarly, Steve, a 14- year veteran English teacher, explained that P2POs enable teachers to get out of their classroom ‘bubble’ and experience peers’ teaching. Tim, a science teacher with five years’ experience, echoed this. ‘Observing others was a chance to actually see [my peers] teach, rather than using my perceptions to imagine how they teach. ’ He continued, explaining that because of his experiences with P2POs he increased his awareness of and esteem for his peers ’ particular content and pedagogical knowl- edge, affording him opportunities to not only experience others ’ teaching styles but also learn from them as well. Teacher P2PO learning: ‘take something away’ In this section, I discuss what FHS faculty reported learning from P2POs, namely literal and figurative takeaways. Literally, takeaways are the actual strategies and concrete ideas teachers learned from their peers, stemming their P2PO experiences. According to veteran science teacher Caroline, teachers want professional develop- ment that provides them with ‘things to take away’. Some FHS teachers consider 12 E.R. Hamilton Downloaded by [Erica R. Hamilton] at 14:08 10 October 2012 these ‘teaching tools’, which include classroom management strategies, small group activities, technological applications, as well as speci fic assignments and assess- ments. Figuratively, takeaways resulting from P2POs are the intangibles, such as learning from watching peers, which result in an increased respect for colleagues and personal af firmation of one’s own practice and pedagogy. In some ways, teacher expertise directly coincides with literal takeaways. When a person identi fies a specific goal and seeks out colleague experts connected to that goal, an observer may very well walk away from a peer observation with additional ideas and strategies they can apply in their own classroom. One survey participant shared: I think P2POs are a great idea. You can pick up on little things that you can try to implement in your own classroom, regardless of subject matter. For me, I was able to come up with a few quick exercises that I could do with my students that involve get- ting them up and moving around. As mentioned earlier, Anna focused on incorporating more group work in her English classes. She indicated that P2POs provided her with additional teaching techniques and tools. During one of her peer observations when she watched a fel- low experienced English teacher, Anna ’s literal takeaway was a teaching strategy geared toward getting students to work in small groups. She explained that P2POs are: immediate and I can say, ‘Okay, I’m going to try this tomorrow’, because they’re small things that I can borrow. The teachers here are familiar with our student body so it helps to get feedback from them and to watch them teach so that I can borrow those ideas. It just seems a lot more direct and productive. Andrew, a veteran social studies teacher, claimed that a takeaway from one of his observations enabled him to learn how to create online quizzes as well as use them in his own classroom. Rachel, an eight-year mathematics teacher, explained: ‘this observation stuff is nice because, when you go in there, you’re only thinking about you. You ’re thinking, “How can I use this?” At least I am.’ She went on to explain that during P2POs: ‘where you’re actually [in the classroom] and some- thing ’s actually going on with teaching around you … you’re more likely to take something away from that. ’ She later explained that when she watched one of her colleagues in social studies use a small group exercise to get students up and moving (her goal), the activity: ‘got kids up and moving and talking and it was a really cool idea. That was the biggest thing that I took away – I could come up with a way to do that with a math problem. ’ In this case, Rachel’s P2PO learning resulted in a tool (i.e. literal takeaway) she could apply in her own content area and classroom. Takeaways can also be figurative. In some instances, participants ‘took away’ an increased respect for their colleagues and/or personal af firmation of their own practice and pedagogy. For example, Andrew observed a fellow social studies department member, Stacy, who teaches a credit-recovery course for students who have failed classes. She facilitates the class on-site, using a private company ’s virtual curriculum. During his observation, Andrew talked to Stacy first and then walked around and observed. He explained: Professional Development in Education 13 Downloaded by [Erica R. Hamilton] at 14:08 10 October 2012 She showed me how she can monitor all of [the students]. It was an interesting group. When you have that many students, all for recovery, and they all need help – it was an eye opener. It ’s certainly not pushing an ‘on’ button. There’s a lot to running that class. (Andrew) Based on his comments, Andrew was able to learn more about Stacy and the con- text in which she teaches. In doing so, his awareness and understanding of Stacy ’s class and her students increased, as did his respect for Stacy. Furthermore, because of their experiences with P2POs, some FHS teachers also took away an af firmation of their own pedagogy and practice. Steve, an experienced English teacher of 14 years, explained: I felt like [P2POs] af firmed a lot of what I do. I guess I was really concerned that maybe, you know, I stand up in front a lot [and when] I walk through the halls and I see all these 25-year-old teachers in their rooms and they ’re loud and crazy and they ’re doing stuff and I just think to myself, ‘That’s not the way I do it.’ But I went and saw good teaching with engaged students in subject matters like anatomy, and they were engaged and it was very ‘lectury’ and it worked. It was okay. So it af firmed for me as much as any theorist could ever do. It felt like it had value for me. In Steve ’s case, because of what he observed in his colleagues’ classrooms, he learned that he and some of his peers have similar teaching styles, which resulted in his taking away a sense of validation and af firmation of his own pedagogy and practice. Similarly, a survey respondent, whose goal focused on the use of technol- ogy in the classroom, shared that, ‘I realized that I use a lot of technology in my classroom already, which I guess I knew but was not sure of, so for me [P2POs] was more reassurance. ’ Another shared: ‘I actually learned quite a bit from going into others ’ classrooms. It was also nice to see that there are some things that I’m already doing that other teachers do also. ’ Nancy, who has taught mathematics at FHS for the past 17 years, shared a similar sentiment: I went and visited a chemistry class – it was good to see that there is a lot of cross connection and some things that I could take out of there and say to my kids, ‘Okay, you do this in chemistry. ’ It brings back the fact that they’re doing this other than just in my classroom and it ’s a larger scope. And also that I’m not way off base as far as how I ’m doing things in my class, so that the kids are more familiar with the structure and how the content is presented. My presentation skills aren ’t so different from others that the kids have a hard time adjusting from one course to another. The general style of [our] classes is the same. Observing teachers is important and although it affords opportunities for af firma- tion of one ’s own practice and pedagogy, teachers should still thoughtfully consider what they and others do, in order to construct opportunities for students ’ learning as well as improve their teaching practices. Although af firmation is a good thing, Steve and Nancy ’s comments raise the issue as to whether or not the observer’s pedagogy and practice is actually effective (beyond the scope of this paper). In Nancy ’s case, as well as those of other interview and survey participants, reflecting upon what was observed enabled the observer to connect ideas and learning back to their own classroom. However, just because someone else teaches in a comparable style or uses similar teaching methods does not necessarily mean that either teacher is utilizing best practice or enhancing student understanding and learning. There- 14 E.R. Hamilton Downloaded by [Erica R. Hamilton] at 14:08 10 October 2012 fore, when teachers engage in P2POs, they must be willing to examine critically what they learn and take away from the experience. Discussion Not all forms of professional development are relevant to all teachers (Avalos 2011) and the learning that results from a teacher ’s experiences with embedded profes- sional development depends upon the ways in which she/he actually thinks and works (Little 1993). In several ways, P2POs provided opportunities for FHS faculty to serve as conduits of their peers ’ professional development. Based on survey and interview data, feedback regarding P2POs was overwhelmingly positive. They had choice, not only regarding the goals they set for themselves individually but also choosing whom to watch and when. As a result, in many cases they saw their peers as experts. Many also took something away, like Anna, who realized that one of her P2POs put her colleague ’s ideas in her head. For many participants, this experi- ence was bene ficial and required limited time and resources. But however beneficial this may have been for many FHS teachers, this P2PO model is limited. Based on Wilson et al. ’s (2011) definition of effective professional development, this P2PO model is incomplete. It lacks important elements of TPL, such as a long- term plan to develop and maintain teacher-learning communities. In this instance, P2POs only lasted one year. Moreover, despite some informal conversations between colleagues related to their P2PO experiences, there is no support for regu- lar and sustained ongoing peer collaboration, something necessary for teachers ’ pro- fessional learning and growth. This model of P2POs also lacks a commitment to expanding and distributing teachers ’ knowledge and practice. Rather than teachers seeing anyone they chose, they were limited by their planning periods and own availability. In addition, even though choice positively in fluenced teachers’ percep- tions of P2POs, in some cases it may have actually limited whom they chose to observe. For instance, some interview participants indicated that they observed their friends and those colleagues with whom they were already familiar because it was comfortable and convenient. In these cases, these are the colleagues with whom they talk on a regular basis and with whose practices they are most familiar. While this may turn out to be a good thing for some, observing those with whom one is most familiar may also limit what one observes and learns. Currently, this model does not encourage teachers to observe colleagues they do not know as well nor does it provide opportunities to observe colleagues who teach at the same times as their peers. Effective embedded professional development enables teachers to model and observe best practices, constructing opportunities for learning, re flection and collaboration because professional development affects learning and practice when teachers engage in sustained and prolonged peer dialogue and collaboration (Darling-Hammond and Richardson 2009). If Zeichner is correct and ‘there is no such thing as an unre flective teacher’ (1996, p. 207), then it makes sense that throughout the process of P2POs, at some level, teachers engaged in re flective prac- tice. However, re flection, alone, is not enough. Reflection must accompany collegi- ality, collaboration and critical dialogue with peers in order to make teaching and learning practices visible (Darling-Hammond and McLaughlin 2011). Professional development void of these elements, such as this current model of P2PO, produces fragmented and short-lived experiences that do not readily contribute to long-term Professional Development in Education 15 Downloaded by [Erica R. Hamilton] at 14:08 10 October 2012 TPL and development (Knapp 2003 as cited in Darling-Hammond and Richardson 2009). Although this model of P2PO has potential, if expanded and further devel- oped, as it is currently there is little opportunity for colleagues ’ ideas and learning to move beyond their own heads and into the heads and practices of their peers. Limitations This study seeks to study one faculty in one US school and focuses on a speci fic type of embedded professional development (i.e. P2POs). Furthermore, this study ’s findings result only from those FHS faculty willing to participate, despite the fact that all FHS faculty were invited to contribute. The number of interviewees is also limited, but utilizing a strati fied, purposeful sampling method more readily elicits a representation of teachers with various levels of teaching experience who teach in core subject areas. It may also be that those who participated were more likely to comply with and embrace this P2PO model as well as professional development, more generally. As a result, this may have positively skewed results to represent P2POs as a potentially favorable means of embedded professional development. Implications Implications for practice Unlike Guskey ’s (2000) observation and assessment model of professional develop- ment, P2POs at FHS only involve observations. Thus, there are many ways to improve this model for future practitioners (Table 1). For example, although P2POs enabled teachers to spend time in their peers ’ classrooms, the time and number of observations were limited. Seeing three teachers for one class period each over the course of more than seven months affords little opportunity for sustained observa- tion and learning. Furthermore, this model does not include protocols for setting up and conducting P2POs, nor is there any required post-observation follow-up. This was something survey respondents and interviewees alike noted as problematic. As a result, an expansion of this model could include explicit and deliberate elements of follow-up, such as de fined observation protocols and models of peer interaction, something Darling-Hammond and Richardson (2009) call for in their examination of research related to professional learning that improves teachers ’ practice and stu- dent learning. Furthermore, participants expressed an interest in expanding the model beyond teachers ’ planning periods to create more opportunities for observa- tion of colleagues, in and out of FHS. Allowing for observations outside teachers ’ planning periods and, potentially, in other schools and districts could also promote teachers ’ learning and strengthen this model. Implications for research Although FHS teachers reported learning from their peers, the ways in which this learning manifested itself in the observer ’s practice and pedagogy (in the short term and the long term) warrant further study. Currently, it is yet unknown how, if at all, teachers ’ experiences with P2POs influenced their own practice or the practice of their peers. For example, although Anna ended up with her colleague ’s ideas in her head, it is still undetermined how many other teachers ’ ideas landed in the heads 16 E.R. Hamilton Downloaded by [Erica R. Hamilton] at 14:08 10 October 2012 and practices of observers. Furthermore, this P2PO model focuses on teacher learn- ing and development, rather than student achievement, and yet one of the reasons K –12 teachers engage in professional development, particularly in the United States, is to improve students ’ learning and achievement. Therefore, even though teachers reported taking away ideas and strategies from their peers, we do not know how, if at all, these takeaways in fluenced students. Thus, future research is necessary to ascertain what connections, if any, exist between P2POs and students ’ learning and achievement. Conclusion According to Timperley et al., teacher professional development is a metaphorical black box because, ‘little is known about how teachers interpret the available understandings and utilize the particular skills offered during professional learning Table 1. Recommendations for P2PO model improvement. Recommendation Speci fic suggestions Allow teachers to see peers teach any hour; provide teachers with funded opportunities to observe colleagues in other districts Provide teachers with opportunities to see peers teach throughout the day and not just during a planning period. Offer flexibility for teachers to contact and observe faculty experts outside their particular district (this requires funding for subs, so teachers can leave their classroom to watch others teach) Discuss and model peer observation, including post-observation peer discussion Prior to implementing P2POs, provide faculty with live (or video-based case) teaching observations, followed by discussions related to how to observe and learn from peer observations. Offer models of and/or protocols for post-observation peer dialogue, regarding P2POs Design and/or employ observation protocols Utilize a peer observation protocol that provides teachers with purposes for peer observation, as well as means of capturing what they observe. Devise space and time for individual re flection, based on observations and peer interactions Promote peer dialogue, centered on P2POs Cultivate and require dialogue (informal and formal) with peers regarding observations conducted (it is best if this dialogue follows a semi-structured or structured protocol, so that peer conversations move beyond statements such as ‘I like this …’ and ‘That was neat …’) Long-term, sustained implementation and support Commit to doing this for a minimum of two years, so that there is at least one year past implementation in which the model may be improved upon; this also provides continuity of expectation and professional development, as well as an opportunity for faculty to see and learn from a variety of their peers Note: Recommendations for improving the current P2PO model are identi fied, based on this study’s findings. Professional Development in Education 17 Downloaded by [Erica R. Hamilton] at 14:08 10 October 2012 opportunities ’ (2007, p. xxiii). Therefore, ascertaining K–12 teachers’ experiences with particular types of professional development is important, as they are the ones who actually experience it. Although empirical research focused on professional development is necessary (Desimone 2009, Opfer and Pedder 2011), it is vital that we include teachers ’ narratives, in which they share their ideas and experiences (good and bad) related to professional development. Despite its limitations, this model of P2POs as a means of embedded profes- sional development has potential, and an expansion of this model, based on research, may offer additional possibilities. In doing so, there exists an opportunity to design and implement a sustained, embedded professional development P2PO model that honors the complexity of schools and TPL. This is particularly salient because teachers need long-term opportunities to participate in professional commu- nities of practice in which they study their own work as well as that of their peers, doing so with purpose and peer interaction. When this happens, we will have a model that provides teachers with opportunities to learn with and from their col- leagues. As Shulman notes: ‘one never learns to teach once and for all. It is a con- tinuous, ongoing, constantly deepening process ’ (2004, p. 517). Therefore, we must keep working, in order to develop and implement embedded professional develop- ment models that promote teachers ’ professional learning and put educators’ ideas into the heads and practices of their peers. Acknowledgements The author holds current Institutional Review Board approval for this study and received no funding for this project. The author declares no con flict of interest. References Al-Rasbiah, S.A.-A., 2009. 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FHS study participants ’ information, 2010/11 school year Survey participants ’ years of teaching experience Respondents Response rate (n = 28) 0 –7 years 9 32.1% 8 –15 years 15 53.6% 16 –23 years 3 10.7% 24 or more years 1 3.6% Survey participants ’ Content area(s) Response rate content area(s) (n = 55) (participants chose all that applied) Business and/or Technology 6 22.2% English 13 48.1% Physical Education 1 3.7% Life Management Education 3 11.1% Mathematics 7 25.9% Science 6 22.2% Social Studies 16 59.3% Special Education 1 3.7% Trade/Vocational Education 1 3.7% Visual and Performing Arts 1 3.7% 22 E.R. Hamilton Downloaded by [Erica R. Hamilton] at 14:08 10 October 2012 Interview participants Position/subject area Years of experience (including the 2010/11 school year) Jonathan Social studies teacher 1 year Andrew Social studies teacher 13 years Rachel Math teacher 8 years Nancy Math teacher 17 years Tim Science teacher 5 years Caroline Science teacher 22 years Anna English teacher 3 years ( first year at FHS) Steve English teacher 14 years Ms Ritter Principal 11 years Professional Development in Education 23 Downloaded by [Erica R. Hamilton] at 14:08 10 October 2012 View publication stats Download 246.26 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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