Top-down Strategies 1: (thinking strategy) - Get students to determine:
Top-down Strategies 2: (thinking strategy) - Help them to
- hypothesize
- predict
- Infer
- Example: Give them one/two words
- Let students make inference and guess what the story is about to develop the guessing ability
- Example: Guess the answers as soon as they see the multiple choices
Dictation Activities - Single word dictation
- Line-by-line dictation
- Full-text dictation
- Student-centered dictation
Dictation (for both strategies): Single Word dictation - Students have to match the words with the pictures.
- Students have to choose the word they hear.
- Students have to write down the word they hear. (or write down the word when they hear the definition.)
- Students have to do “odd-man-out”.
- Students have to make word association. (Circle two words that are associated with the new vocabulary word.)
- Students have to make a sentence out of the word they hear.
- Students have to write words in groups or columns according to pronunciation differences. The words may be read alone or in complete sentences.
- Students have to write words read out by the teacher. They need to put the words in groups or column according to their characteristics.
Dictation (for both strategies): Line-by-line dictation - Students respond to the line/sentence by
- Filling in the word or the verb
- Doing multiple-choice exercise
- Correcting errors (deleting unnecessary words, for example)
- Putting scrambled words in order
- Students each have a line from a text. They dictate their line to the teacher in the order they think is appropriate. The teacher writes exactly what they say, as they say it, including mistakes. The class then adjust and correct as necessary.
- Teacher reads out the text line by line. After each line, students pass their paper to their right, and correct any errors before continuing the dictation.
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