Human Development Report 2009. - Human Development Report 2009.
- http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Overview.pdf
- http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Indicators.pdf
- Poverty Facts and Stats http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats
Before 1989 Today Before 1989 Today Developed market economies Developed market economies („first world”) Socialist economies Countries in transition („second world”) NICs Developing countries Oil exporting countries („third world”) Middle income countries Low income countries LDCs
Successful path of industrialisation – via export of manufactured goods HPAE (High Performing Asian Economies) or NIC (Newly Industrialised Countries: 1. Hong-Kong, Taiwan, Singapour, South Korea
2. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines 2. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines 3. China, Vietnam High growth rates, open to international trade Other factors:
Static and dynamic indicators; - Static and dynamic indicators;
- Economic performance;
- Structure;
- External trade;
- Infrastructure;
- Society, demography, health care;
- Competitiveness.
„Human development index” (UNCTAD): composition of three basic indicators „Human development index” (UNCTAD): composition of three basic indicators - GNI (PPP);
- Life expectancy at birth;
- Adult literacy rate, combined gross enrolment ratio.
Lorenz curve Lorenz curve - Percentage of households is plotted on the x-axis, the percentage of income on the y-axis.
- Every point on the Lorenz curve represents a statement like "the bottom 20% of all households have 10% of the total income."
- Perfectly equal income distribution would be one in which every person has the same income. In this case, the bottom "N"% of society would always have "N"% of the income. This can be depicted by the straight line "y" = "x"; called the "line of perfect equality.
- By contrast, a perfectly unequal distribution would be one in which one person has all the income and everyone else has none. In that case, the curve would be at "y" = 0 for all "x" < 100%, and "y" = 100% when "x" = 100%. This curve is called the "line of perfect inequality
Gini coefficient: Gini coefficient: - It is the area between the line of perfect equality and the observed Lorenz curve, as a percentage of the area between the line of perfect equality and the line of perfect inequality.
- The higher the coefficient, the more unequal the distribution is.
Demography; - Demography;
- Dual economic structure;
- Problems with agriculture, worsening terms of trade;
- Mistakes in economic policy.
The division of a single economy into two sectors that appear to be at a very different levels of development (e.g. a modern, capital-intensive, high wage industrial sector and a very poor traditional agricultural sector) is referred to as economic dualism. The division of a single economy into two sectors that appear to be at a very different levels of development (e.g. a modern, capital-intensive, high wage industrial sector and a very poor traditional agricultural sector) is referred to as economic dualism.
80-85% of world population live in less developed countries and gets less than 20% of total income; - 80-85% of world population live in less developed countries and gets less than 20% of total income;
- Ratio between average incomes in most developed and least developed countries has increased in the last 200 years: 1820 – 3:1; 1913 – 11:1; 1950 – 35:1; 1970 – 44:1; 2002 – 82:1;
- 1,3 billion people live on less than 1 dollar per day.
More than 800 million people are threatened continuously by hunger; - More than 800 million people are threatened continuously by hunger;
- 35% world population (above 18) is illiterate;
- Migration due to wars and political abuses;
- Cumulative process of indebtedness.
Country-level / macroeconomic competitiveness Country-level / macroeconomic competitiveness World economic Forum (WEF): - Institutions, policies and factors influencing productivity and growth potential of a given country.
- Basic requirements:
- 1. Institutions;
- 2. Infrastructure;
- 3. Macroeconomic stability;
- 4. Health and primary education.
- Efficiency enhancers:
- 5. Higher education and training;
- 6. Goods market efficiency;
- 7. Labour market efficiency;
- 8. Financial market sophistication;
- 9. Technological readiness;
- 10. Market size.
- Innovation and sophistication factors:
- 11. Business sophistication;
- 12. Innovation.
WEF: Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 WEF: Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010
133 countries 110 „hard” (statistical) and „soft” (based on questionnaire) data Global Competitiveness Index, GCI
International Institute for Management Development: The IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) is the world’s most renowned and comprehensive annual report on the competitiveness of nations, ranking and analyzing how a nation’s environment creates and sustains the competitiveness of enterprises.
- Economic performance:
- 1. Domestic economy;
- 2. International trade;
- 3. International investment;
- 4. Employment;
- 5. Prices.
- Government efficiency:
-
- 6. Public finance;
- 7. Fiscal policy;
- 8. Institutional framework;
- 9. Business legislation;
- 10. Societal framework.
- Business efficiency:
- 11. Productivity;
- 12. Labour market;
- 13. Finance;
- 14. Management practices;
- 15. Attitudes and values.
- Infrastructure:
- 16. Basic infrastructure;
- 17. Technological infrastructure;
- 18. Scientific infrastructure;
- 19. Health and environment;
- 20. Education.
Krugman : Krugman : International competitiveness today can not be understand at country level, but rather between enterprises. Competitiveness = productivity
57 countries 329 „hard” and „soft” data Value: 0-100
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