I-bob the category analysis of the parts of speech in English and Uzbek languages
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GRADUATE THESIS
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- Examples 1. Posessive N + -‘s/s’
- -(i)miz/-(i)ngiz/-lari P + -niki Akamning kitobi
- V + -s/-es Cries ,Cooks
- N + -ga/ka/-qa Maktabg a
- N {k>g, q>g’} + -im O‘zbek +im
- Snt + -a/-ya Snt + -u/yu Snt + -ku Yaxshidiya
- Car Num +-tacha Car Num + -ta Beshtacha
- Typological category of person
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Nouns in plenty.
Uzbek nouns and pronouns commonly signify this number with the suffix -lar, which can also be used to show respect for the person being spoken about. Dadamlar keldilar, for example. (But, keep in mind that you can only have one father). The following English nouns can express the concept of plurality: a) by the use of suffixes: -s, -es (wife-wives, head-heads) (wife-wives, head-heads), -en (oxen, children, brothers and sisters); -a datum-data, sanatorium-sanatoria, phenomenon-phenomenon), and so on. b) by substituting a different root vowel (man-men, goose-geese) a match – matches a box – boxes a class – classes a tomato – tomatoes a bush – bushes a quiz –quizzes a bus – buses If a word ends in -y and is preceded by a consonant, the final -y of such nouns is dropped and -ies is added. a city – cities a country – countries an army – armies If -y is preceded by a vowel, -s is added as usua e.g. a boy - boys, a play - plays, etc.
Table-1 Differences of suffixes between English and Uzbek in their form. From Table above, it can be concluded that there are five differences of suffixes between English and Uzbek languages in their form, they are: (1) In Uzbek possessive case suffix can apply to noun, pronoun, but in English possessive case, the suffix can only apply to a noun. (2) in Uzbek present tense appear depending on the last letter of a verb (it can be consonant or vowel), such as – for verb ending in a vowel and –a for verb ending in consonant. In this case, a verb is always be followed by personal endings for each subject. In English, they do not appear depending on consonant or vowel in the last letter of a verb. They just appear depending on the last particular letter of verb in adding suffix –s or –es for showing present tense(3) suffix in Uzbek appear with consonant harmony rules, such as the last letter of a noun k is changed to g and q is changed to g' in showing ownership of personal ending –(i)m, k is changed to kka, q to qqa, g' to qqa in showing dative case ending. (4) the suffix in Uzbek can attach to sentence, such as suffix –a and it's a variant –ya, –u and it's variant –yu, and –ku. In English, there is no suffix that can be added to any sentence. (5) In Uzbek suffix –ta and –tacha are attached to a cardinal number to form adjective number. They usually appear before a noun in the sentence. While in English, an adjective number usually appear before the noun as well, but its cardinal number is not attached by any suffix.1 Typological category of person The category of person should be addressed in tandem with the category of number (plurality). Since in the languages of Indo-European family all categories are conveyed by one and the same morpheme concurrently, i.e.a morpheme expressing number at the same time represents person as well. In Roman, for example, the morpheme -nt indicates both the third person and the plural number in forms such as amant, habent, legunt, amabant, habebunt, and soon.2 The category of person is a distinguishing property of pronouns and verbs in comparing languages. They (languages) distinguish three kinds of personal pronouns, designating the person(s) speaking (first person), the person(s) addressed to (second person), and the person(s) (or objects) spoken about (third person). Aspect is a type of verb that indicates whether the activity described is a continual action or one that occurs always, frequently, or only once. In other words, it is a form of the verb that expresses how the action is carried out, i.e. whether it is a single completed action (or point), a recurring action, or a continuous process. Aspect may also be defined as a verbal form that expresses habituality, continuation, or completeness of the action or situation conveyed by the root of the verb. Aspect is rarely treated as a separate category of the verb in Uzbek grammars since it is not often articulated as clearly as it appears due to the lack of analytical forms. The notions of tense and aspect are so intertwined in the comparative languages that they cannot be treated individually. Because one and the same form of the verb expresses tense and aspect at the same time, they should be considered 'tense-aspect forms' of the verb. We differentiate three features of verb forms when comparing languages: simple (common or indefinite), continuous, and perfect. When all of the tense forms of the verb are combined, they constitute the so-called "tense aspect forms of the verb." The essence of everything emerges in organizational processes through the comparison of related objects and events. Comparative study of languages is an interesting and important issue in linguistics. There are many similarities and disputes between fraternal as well as non-fraternal languages. Language is a social phenomenon. It changes, renews, and evolves along with society. The uniqueness of a language has to do with people's way of thinking, their minds and, of course, their beliefs. On some issues of this aspect, we would like to consider the example of the expression of the plural in English and Uzbek. The singular and plural categories belong to noun phrases of quantity. In English and Uzbek, the singular form of nouns is expressed without any suffixes or means. For example: so‘z – a word, shifokor – a doctor, sumka – a bag, noutbuk –a laptop, o‘g‘il bola – a boy, stol – a table and others. In English, we add the suffix -s to nouns to create a plural form. For example, it is enough to add the suffix -s to make nouns plural: words, doctors, bags, lap tops, boys, tables and others. The suffix -s is translated as “-lar” into Uzbek. However, not all words are added the -s suffix to make a plural. Some words which end swith -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -o have the suffix -es added to make a plural. For example: bus – buses, watch – watches, box - boxes, dish- dishes, glass - glasses, potato - potatoes, torch - torches and so on. In Uzbek, numerals are also used to express the plural. In that case, the suffix"lar"willbe dropped. In English, on the other hand, the suffix "-s" or "-es" is used when the noun comes with numerals: one book - two books, bitta kitob – ikkita kitob_ one pen - three pens, bitta ruchka – uchta ruchka_ one rabbit - four rabbits, bitta quyon – to‘rtta quyon_ one watch - five watches, bitta soat – beshta soat_ one apple - six apples, bitta olma – oltita olma_ one chair - fifty chairs, bitta stol – ellikta stol_ and others. At the end of the word, we add the suffix -ies, if the noun ends with consonant +-y. For example: one baby - two babies, one butterfly - two butterflies, one lady - three ladies, one strawberry - five strawberries, one cherry - seven cherries and so on. However, if the letter ends with a vowel + -y, then the suffix -s is added. For example: toy - toys, boy - boys, key - keys, monkey - monkeys and others. The plural form of most nouns is based on these rules. Additionally, if the word ends in -f / -fe, we drop -f / -fe to create the plural and add-ves instead. For example: leaf - leaves, knife - knives, wolf - three wolves, scarf – seven scarves and others.3 However, there are some nouns that do not follow these rules. We call them irregular plurals. They have their own plural form, so we need to use the same form, not the -s, -es, -ies or-ves suffixes. For example: one man - two men, one mouse - three mice, one person- six people, one child - eleven children, one sheep - two sheep, foot - feet, goose- geese, tooth- teeth, fish-fish, deer - deer, woman - women and others. Adding -s to words in this list is a mistake. It's a good idea to memorize this list of words. There are few of them. In Uzbek, the suffix -lar besides forming plurality also means respect. For example, “Daddy came.” – “Dadamlar keldi”. In English, however, this is not the case. It is known that in Arabic the plural is formed as a result of internal inflection. For example, secrets (sir – asror), news (xabar –axborot) and so on. Such words are widely used in Uzbek, but this phenomenon is not suitable for pure Uzbek words. In English, although some nouns are in the plural, they represent the singular. For example, chess, news, measles, methods, and so on. In the Uzbek language, although it comes in the plural, there are almost nowordsdenoting unity, only in a few foreign words: xabar –axborot (information) and so on. In English, more plural adjectives are added to express the meaning of the plural in the words given above. In the Uzbek language, such a phenomenon can be observed in compound nouns, that is, words such as people, nation, although essentially plural, are expressed in unity. When they are added to a plural suffix, they denote the plural and denote related objects or events. For example, nations, armies, nations, and so on. It is also possible to form a plural by repeating some words in Uzbek. In this case, the repeated word corresponds to the numerative or arithmetic word. For example, a box-box drawers (sandiq-sandiq sep), a cupboard - a bookcase (javon- javon kitob), and so on. The appearance of the plural in this form is often characteristic of conversational and artistic styles. In English, however, it is difficult to observe a particular situation. One of the peculiarities of the Uzbek language is the formation of the plural by the longer pronunciation of vowels. For example: odam (people). In conclusion, the expression of the plural is unique in English and Uzbek, and the differences depend on the development of the language and society, the mentality of the people, the characteristics of the sister and non-sister languages. Comparative learning is also very important in language teaching. A clear goal is achieved by paying special attention to aspects that are unique to some languages. To supplement the theoretical understanding of noun plurals in English and Uzbek, practical work can provide empirical evidence and insights into the actual usage and challenges faced by speakers of both languages.4 Download 0.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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