3. Kuchli va kuchsiz elektrolitlar.
Kislota, asos va tuzlarning dissotsilanishi.
Elektrolitlar kuchli va kuchsiz elektrolitlarga bo`linadi. Suvda eriganda ionlarga to`liq dissotsilanadigan elektrolitlar kuchli elektrolitlar deyiladi. Ularga quyidagilar kiradi: a) deyarli barcha tuzlar; b) ko`pchilik mineral kislotalar-HCl, HBr, HI, HClO3, HNO3, HClO4, HMnO4, H2SO4; c) ishqoriy va ishqoriy-yer metallarining asoslari, masalan,
NaCl Na+ + Cl (A) yoki Na+Cl (qattiq) Na+(suvda) + Cl (suvda) (B)
Suvda eriganida ionlarga qisman dissotsilanadigan elektrolitlar kuchsiz elektrolitlar deyiladi. Ularga quyidagilar kiradi: a) deyarli barcha organik kislotalar; b) ba`zi mineral kislotalar; c) ko`pchilik metallarning asoslari.
Dissotsilanganda kationlar sifatida faqat vodorod kationlari hosil bo`ladigan elektrolitlar kislotalar deyiladi.
HCl H+ + Cl , CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO
Kislotalarning asosliligi dissotsilanganda hosil bo`ladigan vodorod kationlarining soni bilan aniqlanadi. Masalan, HCl, HNO3-bir asosli–bitta H+ hosil bo`ladi; H2S, H2SO3, H2SO4–ikki asosli–ikkita H+ hosil bo`ladi; H3PO4, H3AsO4–uch asosli–uchta H+ hosil bo`ladi. Ikki va ko`p asosli kislotalar bosqich bilan (asta-sekin) dissotsilanadi.
Masalan,
H2SO4 H+ + HSO4 H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4 (1-bosqish)
HSO4 H+ + SO42 H2PO4![](data:image/png;base64,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) H+ + HPO42 (2-bosqish)
HPO42![](data:image/png;base64,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) H+ + PO43 (3-bosqish)
Dissotsilanganda anion sifatida faqat gidroksid ionlar hosil bo`ladigan elektrolitlar
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |