I categorial structure of the word notion of Opposition. Oppositions in Morphology

3. Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Relations
Lingual units stand to one another in two fundamental types of relations: syntagmatic and paradigmatic.
Syntagmatic relations are immediate linear relations between units in a segmental sequence (string).
One of the basic notions in the syntagmatic analysis is the notion of syntactic syntagma. A "syntactic syntagma'" is the combination of two words or word-groups one of which is modified by the other.
To syntagmatic relations are opposed paradigmatic relations. They exist between elements of the system outside the strings in which they co-occur. These intrasystemic relations find their expression in the fact that each lingual unit is included in a set or series of connections based on different formal and functional properties.
Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations are not isolated from one another. Paradigmatic relations co-exist with syntagmatic relations in such a way that some sort of syntagmatic connection is necessary for the realization of any paradigmatic series. This is revealed to the full in a classical grammatical paradigm. It presents a productive se­ries of forms. A paradigmatic form - a constituent of a paradigm -consists of a stem and a specific element (inflexion, suffix, auxiliary word). The function of a grammatical paradigm is to express a categorial meaning.
4. Language Units and Language Levels
Units of language are divided into segmental and suprasegmental. Segmental units consist of phonemes, they form phonemic strings of various status. Suprasegmental units do not exist by themselves, but are realized with segmental units and express different modificational meanings reflected on the strings of segmental units.
The segmental units of language form a hierarchy of levels. Units of each higher level are formed of units of the immediately lower level. But this hierarchical relation is not reduced to the mechanical composition of larger units from smaller ones, as units of each level are characterized by their own, specific, functional properties which provide the basis for the very recognition of the corresponding language levels.
The lowest level of lingual units is phonemic: it is formed by phonemes. The phoneme has no meaning, its function is purely differential.
The second level, located above the phonemic level, is morphemic. The morpheme is the elementary meaningful part of the word built up by phonemes. The morpheme expresses abstract, "significative", meaning.
The third level is lexemic. Its differential unit is the word. The word realizes the function of nomination.
The fourth level is denotemic, its constituent unit is denoleme (notional part of the sentence).
The fifth level is proposemic. It is built up by sentences. As a sign, the sentence simultaneously fulfils two functions - nominative and predicative.
The sixth level is the level of topicalization, its constituent ele­ment is the "dicteme" ("utterance"). The function of the dicteme is to build up a topical stretch of some text. Being an elementary topical unit of text, the dicteme fulfils four main signemic functions: the func­tions of nomination, predication, topicalization, and stylization.