I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Ijpura.
- Ilam Bazar.
- Ilol.
- Indapur Town.
Iggutappadevarbetta.— Lofty mountain in the Padinalknad taluk of Coorg, Southern India, situated in 12 0 17' N. and 75 0 38' E., near the Paditora pass, sacred to the god Iggutappa.
—Central western lahsll of Aligarh District, United Provinces, comprising the
of Hasangarh and Gorai, and lying between 2 7
'
an d 27 0 55' N. and 77°47 / and 78° 3' E., with an area of 213 square miles. Population increased from 107,227 in 1891 to 118,803
in 1901- There are 209 villages and one town, Beswan (population, 2,871). The demand for land revenue in 1903-4 was Rs. 2,96,000, and for cesses Rs. 49,000. The tahsil is intersected by IMP HAT, 3 2 9 high ridges of sandy soil with good loam between. There is no canal irrigation, and well-irrigation has become more difficult of late years owing to a fall in the spring-level. In 1903-4 the area under cultiva tion was 187 square miles, of which only 78 were irrigated.
—Petty State in MahI Kantha, Bombay. Ikkeri. —Village in the Sagar taluk of Shimoga District, Mysore, situated in 14 0 7' N. and 75 0 i' E., 3 miles south of Sagar town. Population (1901), 205. Ikkeri (‘the two streets’) was from about 1560 to 1640 the capital of the Keladi chiefs, afterwards removed to Bednur. Ikkeri continued, however, to be the nominal capital, the Rajas were called by its name, and the coins were called Ikkeri pagodas and fanams, although the mint was removed. The walls were of great extent, forming three concentric enclosures. In the citadel was the palace, of mud and timber, adorned with carving and false gilding. The only building now remaining is the Aghoresvara temple. On the floor in front of the shrine are effigies of three of the kings, doing obeisance, with their names over each. Huchcha (‘ mad ’) Somasekhara is represented as manacled and fettered. The space between the central pillars, i8-| feet, was the standard measure for garden land.
—Village in the head-quarters subdivision of Birbhum District, Bengal, situated in 23 0 38' N. and 87° 32' E., on the banks of the Ajay river. Population (1901), 1,815. It is the seat of a con siderable trade, and is celebrated for its manufacture of lac ornaments and toys,
silk, and brass-ware. Ilichpur. —District, taluk, and town in Berar. See Ellichpur. Ilkal.—Town in the Hungund
of Bijapur District, Bombay, situated in 15 0 57' N. and 76 0 7' E., 8 miles south-east of Hungund. Population (1901), 9,019. The municipality was created in 1868, and had an average income during the decade ending 1901 of Rs. 7,700. In 1903-4 the income was Rs. 6,400. A large masonry embankment was constructed in 1886, at a cost of Rs. 15,700, to protcct the town from floods. Ilkal is the principal market-town of the
and
a centre of the weaving and dyeing industries; the staple exports are silk and cotton manufactures and agricultural produce. Cotton cloth, manufactured into
for women’s dress, is exported to Sholapur, Poona, Belgaum, and the Nizam’s Dominions. There are three modern temples. A yearly fair is held in honour of Banshankari on the full moon of Paush (January-February). The town contains a dispensary. Ilol. —Petty State in MahI Kantha, Bombay. Imphal. —Capital of the State of Manipur, Eastern Bengal and Assam, situated in 24 0 49' N. and 93 0 57' E. A cart-road connects Imphal with Kohima and the Brahmaputra Valley, and bridle-paths
33° IMPHAL cross the hills that separate Manipur from Cachar and Burma. The population in 1901 was 67,093, of whom nearly 96 per cent, were Hindus. The history of Imphal cannot be distinguished from that of the M a n i p u r S t a t e , but of recent years it has been notorious owing to the outbreak that occurred there in 1891. A palace revolu tion had taken place, the Raja had fled from the country, and the Chief Commissioner, Mr. Quinton, had proceeded to Manipur to settle the newly appointed ruler on the throne, and to arrest the Senapati who was the original instigator of the revolution. The Senapati declined to obey the summons of the Chief Commissioner, and the troops sent to arrest him were fiercely attacked. The engagement continued till the evening, when an armistice was agreed to, and the Chief Commissioner, with four officers, entered the Raja’s fort under a safe-conduct. The Manipuris, however, broke faith, the Political Agent was speared, and the Chief Commissioner and his three com panions formally beheaded by the public executioner. The attack on the Residency was then resumed ; and the defenders, thinking it untenable, retreated to Cachar. .V few weeks afterwards Imphal was re-entered by three columns of troops and satisfaction exacted for the outrage.
Though containing a large population, Imphal is an overgrown village rather than a town in the ordinary sense of the word, and more than half the working males are dependent on agriculture for their support. Three rivers converge at this point; and along the banks of each river is a single row of cottages, each standing in a garden about half an acre in extent and buried in dense groves of bamboos and fruit trees. Viewed from above, the town has the appearance of a dense forest with a large square clearing in the centre. In this clearing are situated the palace of the Raja, the cantonments and offices, and the houses of the European residents. The town contains a small jail with accommodation for 100 prisoners, and a hospital with 14 beds. The rainfall is moderate (70 inches), and as Imphal lies about 2,000 feet above the sea, the climate is cool and pleasant. The daily bazar held in the town is the great centre of trade for the valley. Drinking-water is usually obtained from the rivers, which are exposed to every form of pollution, and outbreaks of cholera are frequent and severe. Indapur Taluka.— Tdluka of Poona District, Bombay, lying between 17 0 54' and 18 0
N. and 74 0 39' and 75 0 io' E., with an area of 567 square miles. It
contains one town, I n d a p u r (popu
lation, 5,533),
its head-quarters; and 85 villages. The population in 1901 was 66,895, compared with 70,986 in 1891. The density, 118 persons per square mile, is much below the District average. The demand for land revenue in 1903-4 was i-i lakhs, and for cesses IX DA WGYl Rs. 7,500. The country is hilly and rugged in the north-west and centre, but towards the rivers it is open and smooth. The soils are extremely shallow and stony. As regards rainfall, Indapur is one of the worst- placed
in the Deccan, the annual average being only about 20 inches.
—Head quarters of the tdluka of the same name in Poona District, Bombay, situated in 18 0 7' N. and 75 0
E., 84
miles south-east of Poona
city. Population (1901), 5,533-
A weekly market and a fair, attended by Muhammadans, is held annually in November. The municipality, established in 1865, had an average income during the decade ending 1901 of Rs. 3,900. In 1903-4 the income was Rs. 3,900. The town has a dispensary, established in 1870, and is celebrated for the manufacture of coarse cotton cloth. There are two schools, one for boys with 216 pupils, and one for girls with 36.
—Village in Delhi District, Punjab, occupying the site of the ancient Indraprastha, and situated in 28° 36' N. and 77 0 17' E., close to the modern city of Delhi. The original town stood upon the banks of the Jumna, between the Kotila of Firoz Shah and the tomb of Humayun; and although the river has now shifted its channel a mile eastward, the former bed may still be traced past the early site. Scarcely a stone of the ancient capital remains standing : but the village of Indarpat and the Muhammadan fort of Purana Kila probably occupy the true site, while the modern name is obviously a corruption of the old Hindu name. Indraprastha is commonly believed to have been founded by the earliest Aryan colonists of India ; and the Mahabharata relates how the five Pandavas, Yudhi- shthira and his brethren, leading a body of settlers from Hastinapur 011 the Ganges, expelled the savage Nagas, and built their capital upon this spot. For later details see Delhi Citv.
(formerly Manle). — Central township of Katha District, Upper Burma, lying between 23 0 57' and 24 0 23' N. and 95 0 58'
and 96° 16' E., on either side of the Sagaing-Myitkyina railway, with an area of 416 square miles. The population was 11,291 in 1891, and 14,208 in 1901, distributed in 151 villages. The head-quarters are at Indaw (population, 470), on the railway. The township is watered by the Meza river. In some parts there are wide plains, affording scope for large expansion of cultivation. The township contained 18 square miles under cultivation in 1903-4, and the land revenue and
amounted to Rs. 49,200. Indawgyi. —Lake in the south-west of Mvitkyina District, Upper Burma, lying between 25 0 5' and 25 0 20' N. and 96° 18' and 96° 23' E., and measuring about 16 miles by 6. It is the largest lake in Burma. It is surrounded by low hills on the south, east, and west ; and its 33 2
overflow, known as the Indaw stream, flows first north-eastward and then south-eastward into the Mogaung, which enters the Irrawaddy some distance south of Myitkyina. The lake abounds in fish, and the valley surrounding it is fertile. Indhyadri.—Hill range in Bombay, Berar, and Hyderabad.
Ajanta.
Indi Taluka.—Northernmost taluka of Bijapur District, Bombay, lying between i6° 56' and 17 0 29' N. and 75 0 33' and 76° 12' E., with an area of 838 square miles. It contains 121 villages, but 110 town, the head-quarters being at the village of Indi. The popu lation in 1901 was 75,961, compared with 92,479 in 1891. The rate of decrease was very high, and the density of population is lower than in other
, owing to the poverty of the soil. The demand for land revenue in 1903-4 was 2*03 lakhs, and for cesses Rs. 15,000. Indi is an unbroken and almost treeless plain. Towards the south and south-east near Hutturki, Tamba, and Shirshad, and along the streams running by those villages, the country is populous and well cultivated and the villages are comparatively rich. The annual rainfall averages nearly 25 inches. Indi Village.—Headquarters of the
of the same name in Bijapur District, Bombay, situated in 17 0 n' N. and 76° E., on the Southern Mahratta Railway. Population (1901), 4,427. In the Bhlma Mahatmya Indi is described as the Paya Kshetra, or ‘milk spot,’ and Palei was known as Chik Indi, or ‘little Indi.’ Its origin is connected by a tradition with the discovery of a sacred litigant through a cow giving milk at the spot where the litigant lay buried. There is a shrine of Kanteshwar or Shanteshwar at Indi. In 1790 it was the chief town of a subdivision in the Bijapur sarkar. The
village contains a dispensary, two boys’ schools with 204 pupils, and a girls’ school with 31. Indore Residency.—A Political Charge in Central India, created in 1818. In 1854 the appointment of Resident at Indore was merged in that of the Agent to the Governor-General for Central India, who continued to hold direct charge of portions of the Indore State in addition to the superior control of the whole Agency. It was found necessary in 1899 to appoint a separate officer to the political charge of the Indore State. The Resident now holds charge of the whole State, except the parganas of Lawani, Chikalda, and Petlawad, which are under the Political Agent in Bhopawar ; Talen and SundarsT, under the Politi cal Agent, Bhopal; Nandwas (or Nandwai), under the Mewar Residency, Rajputana ; and Alampur, under the Political Agent in Bundelkhand. The Residency has an area of 8,960 square miles, and a population (1901) of 833,410, of whom Hindus number 662,888, or 79 per cent. ; Musalmans, 77,825 ; Animists, 73,638; Jains, 13,487; and Christians, INDORE STATE 333
4,565. The density of population is 93 persons per square mile. The chief towns are I n d o r e C i t y
(population, including the Agent to the Governor-General’s Camp or Residency limits, 97,804), the canton ment of M h o v v
(36,039), R ä m p u r a (8,273), K h a r g o n (7,624), M a
h e s h w a r
(7,042), M e h i d p u r
(6,68
i ),
B a r w ä h a
(6,094), B h a n p u r a
(4,639), and T a r ä n a
(4,490). There are also 3,089 villages in the charge. The Resident has his head-quarters in the Agent to the Govemor-General’s Camp at Indore city. Indore State (
).—Native State in the Central India Agency, under the Resident at Indore, lying between 21 0 22' and 26° 3' N. and 74 0 30' and 78° 51' E., with an area of 9,500 square miles, including the isolated pargana of Nandwäs or Nandwai (area 36 square miles), which lies geographically in Räjputäna. It is bounded on the north by Gwalior State; on the east by the States of Dewäs and Dhär and the Nimär District of the Central Provinces; on the south by the Khändesh District of the Bombay Presidency ; and on the west by the States of Barwänl and Dhär. The State takes its name from its capital, originally the small village of Indreshwar or Indore, which was first raised to a place of importance in the eighteenth century, and after 1818 became the permanent seat of the Holkar family. The State is formed of several detached tracts, of which the largest and most compact lies south of the Narbada river. These tracts may be conveniently divided into two main sections, . which correspond to
the natural
divisions of
the aspects^ plateau and the hilly tract. The plateau section comprises the portion which lies in Mälwä proper, and is included in the R
-B hänpura
, M ehidpur , and
I ndore
districts. The country in this section, except for the range lying north of Rämpura and some scattered hills in the Mehidpur district and Petläwad par gana r, is typical of M älwä generally. The hilly tract, which comprises the N imär
and N emäwar
districts, lies partly on and partly south of the great Vindhyan scarp, the Nimär district including also a portion of the Sätpurä range. The plateau section has an area of 4,320 square miles, the hilly tract an area of 5,143 square miles. Besides these two sections, the small isolated
of A
lampur in Bundelkhand, with an area of 37 square miles, owes its existence solely to the presence in it of the cenotaph of Malhär Rao Holkar. The great Vindhyan range, which almost bisects the State, determines its watershed. All the streams north of this barrier flow towards the Jumna-Ganges
the
chief stream being the C hambal
, with its tributaries, the S ipra
and lesser and greater K ali S
ind . T
o the south of the Vindhyas lies the N arbadä
river, with its numerous tributaries. 1 Very little is known concerning the geology of the territories that 1 By Mr. E. Vredenburg, Geological Survey of India. 334 IXBO RE STATE constitute Ilolkar’s dominions. The principal rock in Malwfi is Deccan trap, weathering superficially into the black soil to which the region owes its great fertility. Near Rampura, east of Nimach, Vin- dhyan rocks of both upper and lower series are exposed, in addition to the Deccan trap. The districts south of the Narbada, largely occupied by the northern spurs of the Satpura Hills, consist principally of Deccan trap. North of the Narbada, the denudation of the Deccan trap has proceeded far enough to bring into view an interesting sequence of the underlying rocks, including gneiss, Bijawars, and Lametas. Gneiss occupies a large portion of the Nemawar district, being overlaid, north of Chandgarh, by Bijawar and Vindhyan strata. Between Katkuf and the Kanar river and at other places near Barwaha, peculiar fault breccias occur either within the Bijawar outcrop, or separating the Bijawars from the Vindhyans. The matrix of the breccia is usually siliceous, but often contains a large admixture of hematite. Strata belonging to the Lameta or infra-trappean group cover a large area around Katkut. They are mostly sandstones underlaid by conglomer ates. Round Katkut the Lameta beds are unfossiliferous and probably of fresh-water origin ; but north of Barwaha, at the Ghatia quarries, the conglomerate underlying the sandstone contains marine fossils identical with those found in the cretaceous limestones east of B a g h
known as the Bagh beds. The exposure at the Ghatia quarry marks the eastern most limit reached by the sea in which the Bagh beds were deposited. The Lameta group contains excellent building stones. The sand stone quarries at Ghatia north of Barwaha, and those situated on the banks of the Kanar river, east of Katkut, have supplied a great deal of the material used for constructing the Holkar State Railway. One of the limestones is a rock made up of fragments of marine organisms resembling corals, known for that reason as coralline limestone. It constitutes a stone of great beauty, which has been largely used in the ancient buildings of M a n d u
, for which it was obtained from the old quarries near Chirakhan. 'Phis locality has been famous geologi cally since 1856, owing to the discovery there by Colonel Keatinge of the Cretaceous fossils which settled the age of the Bagh beds. The low rocky hills of northern Indore often bear a stunted jungle containing
, and
A. leucophloea , and many shrubs, such as species of Greivia, Zizyphus, Capparis, Carissa, and
Tamarix. In places where the forest is taller, the leading species are
,
geissus latifolia and
A. pendnla ,
and species of
Cordia. Farther south are tracts with principally sa/ai
serrata) and a thin scrub jungle of F/ueggea ,
, and similar shrubs. Still farther south occur typical forests ot the Central Indian highland class, with teak, sdj {Tenninaiia tomentosa ),
HISTORY tendü (
Dio spy ros tomentosa), black-wood ( Dalbergia ¡atifo/ia), tinis (Oitgeinia dalbergioides), anjan
), and similar species.
All the ordinary wild animals are met with, including tigers, leopards, bears, hyenas, sämbar, chltal , and antelope. Bison (Bos gaums) and
wild buffalo (Bubalus ami) were formerly plentiful in the Sätpurä region, but are now almost, if not quite, extinct. In the Mughal period elephants were caught in the Bijägarh and S a t w ä s forests. Small game is plentiful throughout the State. The climate in Mälwä is temperate ; the temperature varies in the hot season from 46° to uo° and in the cold season from 40° to 90°. In the districts south of the Vindhyan scarp, however, much higher temperatures are met with, while the cold season is of short duration. The annual rainfall on the plateau area averages 30 inches, and in the hilly tract 40 inches. The Holkars belong to the Dhangar or shepherd caste. Their ancestors are said to have migrated southwards to the Deccan from the region round Muttra, and to have settled at the . village of Hal or Hoi on the Nira river, 40 miles History, from Poona, whence they take their family name. Malhär Rao Holkar, the founder of the house of Indore, was born in 1694, being the only son of Khandojl, a simple peasant. On the death of his father, he and his mother went to live in Khändesh with NäräyanjT, his mother’s brother, a man of some property, who maintained a body of horse for his overlord Sardär Kadam Bände. Malhär Rao was enrolled in this body of horse, and at the same time married his uncle’s daughter, Gautama Bai. His soldierly qualities rapidly brought him to the front, and attracted the notice of the Peshwä, who in 1724 took him into his service and gave him the command of 500 horse. Sardär Kadam was delighted at the young man’s prowess, and permitted him to assume and fly at the head of his body of horse the banner of the Bände family, a triangular red and white striped flag, to this day the ensign of the Holkar house. In 1728 he received a grant of 12 districts in Mälwä, increased to 82 in 1731. Previous to this he had acquired land south of the Narbada, including the town of Maheshwar, which practically remained the capital of the Holkar dominions until 181S, as Indore, acquired in 1733, did not become the real administrative capital until after the Treaty of Mandasor. Malhär Rao at this time possessed territory yielding an income of 74^ lakhs a year, the Peshwä honouring him with the title of
of Mälwä. He was con tinually employed in the Peshwä’s conquests, against the Nizäm (1738), the Portuguese at Bassein (1739), and the Rohillas (1751); and his influence and possessions increased rapidly. In 1761 came the disastrous battle of Pänlpat, which broke the Maräthä power for 336 IXDO RE STATE a time. Thus Malhar Rao, from being the son of a small peasant, had become
at sixty-seven the holder
of vast
territories stretching from the Deccan to the Ganges. After the flight from Panlpat, he proceeded to establish and consolidate his power in his possessions. Death, however, overtook him suddenly at A l a m p u r on May 2, 1766. Malhar Rao was primarily a soldier, and in no way the equal of his contemporary MahadjT Sindhia as a politician ; but his courage was unsurpassed, and his disregard of money proverbial. He had one son, Khande Rao, who was killed in 1754. Khande Rao’s son, Male Rao, was a boy of weak intellect. He was allowed to succeed, but soon showed by his excesses that he was unfit to rule, and died a raving madman in 1767. His mother, Ahalya Bai, refused to adopt an heir and
personally assumed
charge of
the administration of the
State. The Peshwa’s uncle, Raghuba, who was then in Central India, wished to compel her to adopt; but MahadjT Sindhia supported Ahalya Bai, and her position was at length recognized. She selected TukojI Rao Holkar, a member of the same clan but not related to the ruling family, to bear titular honours and command her armies. He was a simple soldier, and served Ahalya Bai with unswerving loyalty until her death. The administration of Ahalya Bai is still looked upon in Central India as that of a model ruler. Her toleration, justice, and careful management of all the departments of the State were soon shown in the increased prosperity of her dominions, and the peace which ruled throughout her days.
Her charities, which extended all over
India, and include buildings at Badrinath, Gaya, and Rameswaram, are pro verbial. It was during her rule that the Holkar Darbar first employed regular battalions under Chevalier Dudrenec, Boyd, and others. On the
death of
Ahalya Bai
in 1795,
TukojI Rao
succeeded. MahadjI
Sindhia had
died in
1794, and
TukojI, now
seventy years
of age, was looked up to as the leading Maratha chief. He followed in the steps of Ahalya Bai, and during his life the prosperity of the State continued. Politically, he acted as a check on the youthful and warlike Daulat Rao Sindhia, which went far to secure general tranquil lity; but he
died in
1797, and confusion at once followed. Tukoji Rao left two legitimate sons, Kashi Rao and Malhar Rao; and two illegitimate sons, Jaswant Rao
and Vithojl. Kashi Rao
was of
weak intellect, and Malhar Rao had attempted to be recognized by Tukoji as successor. Failing to attain his desire, Mal’nar Rao threw himself on
the protection of Nana
Farnavls. Kashi
Rao then
appealed to
Daulat Rao Sindhia, who at once seized this opportunity of becoming practically the manager of the Holkar estates, and Malhar Rao was attacked and
killed. From
this disaster, Jaswant Rao
and Vithoji
escaped. The former, after a fugitive life spent partly as a prisoner at Nagpur and partly at Dhar, managed at length to raise a force HISTOR Y 337
and appeared as the champion of Khande Rao, a posthumous son of Malhar Rao, being joined in 1798 by Amir Khan (afterwards Nawab of Toxk). Kashi Rao's troops under Dudrenec were defeated at Kasrawad, whereupon Dudrenec transferred his allegiance and his battalions to Jaswant Rao, who entered the capital town of Maheshwar and seized the treasury there. Soon afterwards, however, he was defeated at Satwas by some of Sindhia’s battalions and retired on Indore, but subsequently attacked Ujjain, extracting a large sum from its inhabitants. In October, 1801, Sarje Rao Ghatke, the notorious minister of Daulat Rao Sindhia, sacked Indore, practising every kind of atrocity on the inhabitants and razing the town to the ground. Jaswant Rao, however, assisted by Amir Khan and his Pindaris, then proceeded to scour the country from the Jumna to the Nizam’s terri tories. By 1802 he had regained his prestige, and so increased his forces as to be able to attack the Peshwa at Poona. This defeat drove the Peshwa to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the British, and Jaswant Rao was forced to retire to Malwa. He held aloof during the war of 1803 against Sindhia, possibly in hopes of aggrandizing himself at that chiefs expense. But in 1804, after rejecting all offers of negotiation, he finally came into collision with the British forces. In the Mukan- dwara pass he gained a temporary success over Colonel Monson, but was defeated by Lord Lake at Dig (November, 1804). In December, 1805, he was driven to sign the Treaty of Rajpurghat on the banks of the Beas river, the first engagement entered into between the British Government and the house of Holkar. By this treaty he ceded much land in Rajputana, but received back certain of his former possessions in the Deccan, while the country round K uxch in Bundelkhand was granted in
to his daughter, Bhima Bai, who was married to Govind Rao Bolia. Lord Cornwallis’s policy of non-interference, however, gave him another chance; the Rajputana districts were restored to him, and he proceeded to recoup his shattered fortunes by plundering the Rajput chiefs. In 1806 he poisoned Khande Rao and murdered Kashi Rao, and thus became in name, what he had long been in fact, the head of the house of Holkar. He began at this time to show signs of insanity, and died a raving lunatic at Bhanpura in 1811. Jaswant Rao left no legitimate heirs ; but before his death, Tulsi Bai, his concubine, a woman of remarkable beauty and superior education, had adopted his illegitimate son, Malhar Rao, who was placed on the
Zalim Singh of Kotah coming to Bhanpura to pay the homage due from a feudatory to his suzerain. After Jaswant Rao’s death the State rapidly became involved in difficulties. Revenue was collected at the sword’s point indiscriminately from Sindhia’s, the Ponwar’s, or even Holkar’s own territories. There was in fact no real administration, its place being taken by a mere wandering and VOL. XIII. z
338 INDORE STATE predatory court, presided over by a woman whose profligate ways disgusted even her not too particular associates. Plot and anarchy were rife. Tulsi Bai was personally desirous of making terms with the British, but was seized and murdered by her troops, and things rapidly grew from bad to worse. On the outbreak of the war in 1S17 between the British and the Peshwa the Indore Darbar assumed a hostile attitude. The defeat, however, of the State forces by Sir Thomas H¡slop’s division at M e h i d p u r compelled Holkar to come to terms; and on January 6, 1818, he signed the Treaty of Mandasor, which still governs the relations existing between the State and the British Government. By this agreement Amir Khan was recognized as an independent chief, all claims on the Rajputana chiefs were abandoned, and all land held by Holkar south of the Narbada was given up, while the British Government undertook to keep up a field force sufficient to protect the territory from aggression and maintain its tranquillity (this force still being represented by the Mhow garrison), the State army was reduced to reasonable proportions, and a contingent force raised at the expense of the State to co-operate with the British when required. Ghafur Khan was recognized as Nawab of Jaora, independent of the Indore Darbar, and a Resident was appointed at Holkar’s court. The immense benefit conferred by this treaty soon became apparent. The State income in 1817 was scarcely 5 lakhs, and even that sum was only extorted by violence, representing rather the gains of a predatory horde than the revenue of an established State. The administration was taken over by Tantia Jogh, who by the time of his death in 1826 had raised the revenue to 27 lakhs, which, added to certain payments made by the British Government and tributary States, brought the total to 30 lakhs. After Tantia Jogh’s death, however, things again fell into confusion. Malhar Rao was extravagant and weak, and easily led by favourites. Two insurrections broke out, one, of some importance, being led by Harl Rao Holkar, who, however, surrendered and was imprisoned at Maheshwar (1819). Malhar Rao died in 1S33 at twenty-eight years of age, and was succeeded by Martand Rao, a boy adopted by the late chiefs widow, Gautama Bai. HarT Rao, however, was released from the fort of Maheshwar by his supporters; and as the adoption of Martand Rao had been made without the knowledge of the British Government, Iiari Rao was formally installed by the Resident in April, 1834, Martand Rao receiving a pension. Raja Bhao Phansia, a confirmed drunkard, had been selected as minister and the administration soon fell into confusion, which was added to by the excessive weakness of the chief. Life and property were unsafe, while numerous intrigues were set on foot on behalf of Martand Rao. Hari Rao died in 1843, ms TOR V 339
and was succeeded by Khande Rao, who was half imbecile and died within four months. The claims of Martand Rao were now again urged, but the British Government declined to sanction his succession. It was then suggested by the Ma Sahiba Kesara Bai, a widow of Jaswant Rao, that the younger son of Bhao Holkar, uncle to Martand Rao, should be chosen, and the youth was installed in 1844 as Tukoji Rao Holkar II. The Regency Council which had held office under the late chief continued, but a close supervision was now maintained by the Resident, and numerous reforms were set on foot. In 1848 the young chief began to take a part in the administration. Kesara Bai, who had been respected by all classes and rendered great assistance to the British authorities, died in 1849. The chief then took a larger share in the government, and showed his aptitude for ruling so rapidly that full powers were granted to him in 1852. In the Mutiny of 1857, Holkar was unable to restrain his troops, who consisted of about 2,000 regular and 4,000 irregular infantry, 2,000 regular and 1,200 irregular cavalry, with 24 guns. The irregular force attacked the Residency, and the Agent to the Governor-General was obliged to retire to Sehore. Holkar personally gave every possible assistance to the authorities at Mhow ; he established regular postal communication, and at consider able risk protected many Christians in his palace. In order to make the Indore State more compact, various exchanges of territory were effected between 1861 and 186S, the districts of Satwas in Nemawar, of Barwaha, Dhargaon, Kasrawad, and Mandlesh- war in Nimar being exchanged for land held in the Deccan, the United Provinces, and elsewhere. In 1877, 360 square miles of territory in the Satpura region were transferred to Holkar as an act of grace and to commemorate the assumption by Her Majesty of the title of Empress of India. A postal convention was effected in 1878 and a salt convention in 1880. In i860 a sum of more than 3 lakhs was paid to Holkar as compensation for expenses incurred in raising a body of troops in place of the Mehidpur Contingent, which had mutinied; and in 1865 the contribution to the upkeep of the Mehidpur Contingent and Malwa Bhil Corps was capitalized. Holkar receives Rs. 25,424 a year in compensation for the Patan district made over to Bundi in 1818, and Rs. 57,874 tribute from the Partabgarh State in Rajputana, both payments being made through the British Government. In 1864 he ceded all land required for railways throughout the State, and in 1869 contributed a crore of rupees towards the construction of the Khandwa-Indore branch of the Rajputana-Malwa Railway, known as the Holkar State, Railway. Tukoji Rao was made a G.C.S.I. in 1861 ; and at the Delhi assemblage on January 1, 1877, he was made z 2
IXnORE STATE a Counsellor of the Empress and a C.I.E. He died in 1886 and was succeeded by his eldest son SivajT Rao, born in 1859. On his accession, the Maharaja abolished all transit dues in the State. He visited England in 1887 on the occasion of the Jubilee of the Queen-Empress Victoria, when he was made a G.C.S.I. His administration, however, was not a success, and for the better super vision of so large a State a separate Resident at Indore was appointed in 1899. In 1902 the State coinage was replaced by British currency. In 1903 SivajT Rao abdicated in favour of his son TukojT Rao III, the present chief, who is a minor, and is studying at the Mayo College at Ajmer. The ex-Maharaja lives in the palace at Barwaha, receiving an allowance of 4 lakhs a year. The chief bears the titles of His High ness and Maharaja-dhiraj Raj Rajeshwar Sawai Bahadur, and receives a salute of 19 guns, or 21 guns within the limits of Indore territory. Besides
D h a m n a r
and
U n , there are no places of known archaeo logical importance in the State. Remains are, however, numerous throughout the Malwa district, being principally Jain and Hindu temples of the tenth to the thirteenth century ; in some eases the temples have been built from the ruins of older buildings, as for example at Mori, Indok, Jharda, Makla, and many other places. In the Nimar and Nemawar districts a considerable number of Muham madan remains are to be met with, while forts are found throughout the State, those at Hinglajgarh, Bijagarh, and Sendhwa being the most important. There have been three complete enumerations of the State, giving (1S81) 1,054,237, (1891) 1,099,990, and (1901) 850,690. The density . in 190X was 90 persons per square mile, rising in Population • 11 1 1
* 1 the plateau area to 112 persons, and dropping in the hilly tract to 69. The population increased by 4 per cent, between 18S1 and 1891, but fell by 23 per cent, in the next decade. The decrease is mainly due to the effect of bad seasons, notably the disastrous famine of 1899-1900, from which the State had not had time to recover when the latest enumeration was made. The main statistics of population and land revenue are given on the next page. The
chief towns
are I n d o r e C i t y , R a m p u r a , K h a r g o n , M a i i e s h - w a r
, M e h i d p u r , B a r w a h a , and
B h a n p u r a
(excluding the British
cantonment of M h o w
and the civil station of I n d o r e ). There are also 3,368^- villages, with an average number of 252 inhabitants. Classified by religion, Hindus number 673,107, or 79 per cent. ; Animists, 94,047, or 11 per cent. ; Musalmans, 68,862, or 8 per cent. ; and Jains, 14,255, or 2 per cent. The principal languages are Malwl and the allied Nimarl and RangrI, spoken by 240,000 persons, or 28 per cent. ; and Hindi, spoken by 492,895, or 57 per cent. AGRICULTURE 341
The prevailing castes are Brahmans, yr,ooo, or 8 pei- cent. ; Balais, 61.000, or 7 per cent.; Rajputs, 57,000, or 7 per cent.; Chamârs, 33.000, or 4 per cent. ; and Giijars, 28,000, or 3 per cent. About 40 per cent, of the population are supported by agriculture, 23 per cent, by general labour, 10 per cent, by State service, and 5 per cent, by mendicancy. Brahmans and Rajputs are the principal landholders, the cultivators being chiefly Rajputs, Gûjars, Sondhiàs, Khàtis, and Kunbis, and in the southern districts Bhilâlas. rj 3 Number of C* 0 O ci „ .
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