I. The Adverb >II. Using Adverbs in a Numbered List
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- The Adverb The adverb
- 1 А.И. Смирницкий, О.С. Ахманова. Образования типа stone wall, speech sound в английском языке. Инст. Язык-я, доклады. М., т. 2. стр. 97
- 3 H. Sweet. A new English grammar. Logical and historical. Oxford. parag. 58 4 G. Gurme. Syntax. N.Y. 1931. p. 542
- Adverbs We Can Do Without
- Kinds of Adverbs Adverbs of Manner
- Adverbs of Purpose
- THE ORDER OF ADVERBS V erb Manner Place Frequency Time Purpose
- A second principle: among similar adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place, frequency, etc.), the more specific adverbial phrase comes first
- Bringing an adverbial modifier to the beginning of the sentence can place special emphasis on that modifier. This is particularly useful with adverbs of
- Inappropriate Adverb Order
- Clearly, it would be better to move the underlined modifier to a position immediately after "they reported” or even to the beginning of the sentence
- It would be better if "She grew to be only four feet tall." Some Special Cases
- (Notice, though, that when enough functions as an adjective, it can come before the noun
- comes before adjectives and other adverbs
- The adverb too is often followed by an infinitive
- The relative pronoun "where" modifies the verb "used to be” (which makes it adverbial), but the entire clause ("where my great grandfather used to be
- Authority for this section: Understanding English Grammar by Martha Kolln. 4rth Edition. MacMillan Publishing Company: New York. 1994.
- You will sometimes hear a phrase like "scholastically speaking” or "financially speaking" in these circumstances, but the word "speaking" is
- Table of adverbs with -ly
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PLAN I. The Adverb II. Using Adverbs in a Numbered List III. Adverbs We Can Do Without IV. Kinds of Adverbs V. Positions of Adverbs VI. Order of Adverbs VII. Table of adverbs with -ly VIII. Bibliography 2
The Adverb The adverb is a word denoting circumstances or characteristics which attend or modify an action, state, or quality. It may also intensify a quality or characteristics. From this definition it is difficult to define adverbs as a class, because they comprise a most heterogeneous group of words, and there is considerable overlap between the class and other word classes. They have many kinds of form, meaning and function. Alongside such undoubtful adverbs as here, now, often, seldom,
adverbs like dead (dead tired), clear (to get clear away), clean (I’ve clean forgotten), slow, easy (he would say that slow and easy) coincide with adjectives
homonymous with prepositions. There is also a special group of pronominal adverbs when, where, how, why used either as interrogative words or as connectives to introduce subordinate clauses. The adverb is a part of speech characterized by the following features: 1. The lexico-grammatical meaning of “qualitative, quantitative or circumstantial characteristics of actions, states or qualities”. 2. The category of the degrees of comparison. 3. Typical stem-building affixes, as in quick-ly, sideways, clock-wise, back-wards,
4. Its unilateral combinability with verbs, adjectives, adverbs, less regularly with adlinks and nouns. 5. The function of adverbial complement, sometimes other functions. The category of the degrees of comparison of adverbs is similar to that of adjectives. It is a system of three-member opposemes (soon — sooner — soonest; actively — more actively — most actively) showing whether the characteristic the adverb contains is absolute or relative. In Russian these three-member opposemes 3
have the same forms: поздно, позднее, самый поздний. When compare with Russian second form, i.e. comparative degree has suffix -ee and in superlative degree the word самый is put before an adverb. The ‘comparative’ and ‘superlative’ members of the opposeme are built up either synthetically (by means of affixation or suppletivity), or analytically (by means of word-morphemes). The synthetic and analytical forms are in complementary distribution like those of the adjective, only the number of synthetic forms is smaller inasmuch as there are fewer monosyllabic and disyllabic adverbs. For example: lazy — lazier — (the) laziest, lazily — more lazily — most lazily. With regard to the category of the degrees of comparison adverbs (like adjectives) fall into comparables and non-comparables. The number of non comparables is much greater among adverbs than among adjectives. In other words, there are many adverbs whose lexemes contain but one word (yesterday,
здесь, всегда. As the definition of the lexico-grammatical meaning shows, adverbs may be divided into three lexico-grammatical subclasses: qualitative, quantitative and circumstantial. Qualitative adverbs like loudly, quickly, brightly, etc. usually modify verbs, less often adlinks. They show the quality of an action or state much in the same way as a qualitative adjective shows the quality of some substance. For instance, speaks loudly and loud speech, walks quickly and a quick walk. But in Russian adverb is used: говорить громко, громкий голос, быстро ехать. The connection between qualitative adverbs and adjectives is obvious. In most cases the adverb is derived from the adjective with the help of the most productive adverb-forming suffix -ly. Like the corresponding adjectives qualitative adverbs usually have opposites of the comparative and superlative degrees. On the strength of this likeness A. I. Smirnitsky advances the view that
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having different combinability1 2 . In other words, quick — quickly might be regarded as an adjectival grammatical opposeme, and -ly as a grammatical morpheme of “adverbiality”. We must take issue with Prof. Smimitsky over this theory. 1. The most typical feature of a grammatical morpheme distinguishing it Л from a lexico-grammatical one is its relativity. As stated in page 10, the morpheme -s in books denotes ‘plurality’ because books is opposed to book with the zero morpheme of ‘singularity’. In the opposeme quick — quickly it is also possible to assert that -ly denotes ‘adverbiality’ because quickly is opposed to quick
zero morpheme of ‘adjectivity’, but rather to that of ‘substance’. In first — firstly, second — secondly, third — thirdly, etc. -ly denotes ‘adverbiality’ though it is opposed to ‘numerality’. In mocking — mockingly, admiring— admiringly, confused — confusedly, broken — brokenly, etc. the ‘adverbiality’ of -ly is opposed to ‘participiality’, etc. In short, the ‘adverbial’ meaning in -ly is not relative, and -ly is not a grammatical morpheme. 2. The suffix -ly is a lexico-grammatical morpheme which accounts for its being common to all the words of an adverb lexeme (see A.I. Smirnitsky, op. cit. p. 14), e. g. violently — more violently — most-violently. 3. Though -ly is very productive, there are other lexico-grammatical morphemes forming the stems of qualitative adverbs from adjective stems, or else adverbs and adjectives are related by conversion. For example, loud (a.) — loudly,
4. There are many adjectives in -ly related by conversion with corresponding adverbs early, daily, deadly, etc. There are other adjectives in -ly which have no corresponding adverbs, e. g. lovely, lonely, lively, etc. 5. The comparison of such words as high a. — high adv., highly, 1 А.И. Смирницкий, О.С. Ахманова. Образования типа stone wall, speech sound в английском языке. Инст. Язык-я, доклады. М., т. 2. стр. 97 2 op cit. p. 10-14 5
late a. — late adv., lately, hard a. — hard adv., hardly, near a. — near adv., nearly It shows that the suffix -ly introduces changes in the lexical meanings of words, so that words with and without -ly cannot belong to the same opposeme or lexeme.
The words probably, possibly, luckily, etc., derived from adjective stems, are no longer adverbs but modal words, so that the adjectives probable, possible, lucky have no corresponding adverbs, but they have corresponding modal words with the suffix -ly. All these and similar facts show that -ly is not an inflexion but a highly productive stem-building suffix. Therefore quick and quickly are not members of a grammatical opposeme. They have different stems and belong to different lexemes. These lexemes with different stems, different combinability and different syntactical functions, naturally, belong to different parts of speech. Russian in this case has ending -(н)о (most Russian adverbs end in this suffix: скоро, поздно, быстро, современно, дурно и т.д.). Thus, qualitative adverbs, with or without -ly, are a subclass of adverbs with peculiar lexico-grammatical features. As they characterize the quality of an action or state, they are inwardly bound with a verb or an adlink and are usually placed as close as possible to the verb or adlink they modify.
Quantitative adverbs like very, rather, too, nearly, greatly, fully, hardly, quite, utterly, twofold, etc. show the degree, measure, quantity of an action, quality, state, etc. The combinability of this subclass is more extensive than that of the 6
qualitative adverbs. Besides verbs and adlinks quantitative adverbs modify adjectives, adverbs, numerals, modals, even nouns. You've quite vamped the foreman. Rather disconsolate she wandered out into the cathedral. She knew it only too well. He had become fully aware o f her. It was nearly ten. He is wholly master o f the situation. Very probably he won't budge. The combinability of some adverbs of this subclass can be rather narrow. The adverb very (frightfully, awfully, etc.), for instance, mostly precedes those adjectives and adverbs which have opposites of comparison. It does not, as a rule, modify verbs, adlinks or numerals. The combinability of nearly or almost, on the other hand, is so extensive, that these words are close to particles. Quantitative adverbs are correlative with quantitative pronouns, such as much, (a) little, enough. Circumstantial adverbs serve to denote various circumstances (mostly local and temporal) attending an action. Accordingly they fall under two heads: a) adverbs of time and frequency (yesterday, to-morrow, before, often, again, twice, etc.), b) adverbs of place and direction (upstairs, inside, behind, homewards). Circumstantial adverbs are not inwardly connected with the verbs they are said to modify. They do not characterize the action itself but name certain circumstances attending the action described in the sentence and usually referring to the situation as a whole. Therefore a circumstantial adverb can be used in a sentence in which the only verb is a link-verb, i. e. where no action is described.
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This accounts for the fact that, unlike qualitative and quantitative adverbs, circumstantial adverbs are not necessarily placed near the verb, they may occupy different places in the sentence. E. g.
-5 When H. Sweet speaks of adverbs, as showing “almost the last remains of normal free order in Modern English”, it concerns, mostly, circumstantial adverbs. Similarly G. Curme’s3 4 words that “An adverb can freely stand in almost any position” mainly apply to circumstantial adverbs. Barring some adverbs with the -ward(s) suffix (backwards, inwards), the -
elements (compare with the -ly suffix incident to qualitative adverbs). They are often morphologically indivisible (north, home, down, etc.), even more often are they related by conversion with prepositions (in, out, behind), conjunctions (since, before), nouns (north, home), adjectives (late, far) or they are homonymous with lexical word-morphemes. Only a small group of circumstantial adverbs denoting indefinite time and place (soon, late, often, near, far) have opposites of comparison. Most adverbs of this subclass form no opposemes of any grammatical category. Circumstantial adverbs are mostly used in the function of adverbial modifiers of time and place.
But sometimes they can be used in other functions, e. g. as attributes. E. g. See the notes above. 3 H. Sweet. A new English grammar. Logical and historical. Oxford. parag. 58 4 G. Gurme. Syntax. N.Y. 1931. p. 542 He will be ten to-morrow. 8
The words of an adverb lexeme like soon — sooner— soonest represent three grammemes with one actual grammatical meaning each. Lexemes like forward, yesterday, ahead contain but one word each with the oblique grammatical meaning of the ‘positive degree’. There are no adverbs in English with the oblique meaning of the ‘comparative’ and the ‘superlative’ degrees. Thus we may speak of but four grammemes in the class of adverbs. When comparing English and Russian adverbs as parts of speech, one may say that they differ but slightly. Their lexico-grammatical meanings, morphological categories, combinability and syntactical functions are fundamen tally the same. Nevertheless, certain distinctions are worth noting. 1. The stem-building (lexico-grammatical) morphemes of Russian adverbs are somewhat more numerous and varied. 2. Among the adverb building morphemes we find several suffixes of subjective appraisal (-онько\енько, -онечко\-енечко, -охонько\-ехонько, -
3. The adverbialization of substantival or adjectival grammemes, (e. g. шагом, стрелой, весной) is the most productive way of forming adverbs in Russian5, whereas in English it is less common. 4. As to the degrees of comparison one might say that the synthetic form of the superlative grammeme (подробнейше, нижайше, малейше) is no longer used colloquially and is employed for some stylistic purpose. The corresponding English grammeme (oftenest, soonest) occurs in different speech styles. The room upstairs is vacant. 5
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Using Adverbs in a Numbered List Within the normal flow of text, it's nearly always a bad idea to number items beyond three or four, at the most. Anything beyond that, you're better off with a vertical list that uses numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.). Also, in such a list, don't use adverbs (with an -ly ending); use instead the uninflected ordinal number (first, second, third, fourth, fifth, etc.). First (not firstly), it's unclear what the adverb is modifying. Second (not secondly), it's unnecessary. Third (not thirdly), after you get beyond "secondly," it starts to sound silly. Adverbs that number in this manner are treated as disjuncts (see below.)
Review the section on Being Concise for some advice on adverbs that we can eliminate to the benefit of our prose: intensifiers such as very, extremely, and really that don't intensify anything and expletive constructions ("There are several books that address this issue.")
She moved slowly and spoke quietly. Adverbs of Place She has lived on the island all her life. She still lives there now.
She takes the boat to the mainland every day. She often goes by herself.
She tries to get back before dark. 10
It's starting to get dark now. She finished her tea first. She left early.
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks. She shops in several stores to get the best buys.
One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard. • Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation. • The minister solemnly addressed her congregation. • The minister addressed her congregation solemnly. The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences: • Before the main verb: I never get up before nine o'clock. • Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have rarely written to my brother without a good reason. • Before the verb used to: I always used to see him at his summer home. Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the auxiliary and the main verb: • He finally showed up for batting practice. • She has recently retired.
There is a basic order in which adverbs will appear when there is more than one. It is similar to The Royal Order of Adjectives, but it is even more flexible. 11
THE ORDER OF ADVERBS V erb Manner Place Frequency Time Purpose Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool
every morning before
dawn to keep in shape.
impatiently into town
every afternoon before supper
to get a newspaper. Tashonda naps in her
room every morning before lunch.
In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of adverbial modifiers beyond two or three (at the most). Because the placement of adverbs is so flexible, one or two of the modifiers would probably move to the beginning of the sentence: "Every afternoon before supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to get a newspaper." When that happens, the introductory adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a comma.
As a general principle, shorter adverbial phrases precede longer adverbial phrases, regardless of content. In the following sentence, an adverb of time precedes an adverb of frequency because it is shorter (and simpler): • Dad takes a brisk walk before breakfast every day of his life.
• My grandmother was born in a sod house on the plains of northern Nebraska. • She promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday. 12
Bringing an adverbial modifier to the beginning of the sentence can place special emphasis on that modifier. This is particularly useful with adverbs of manner: • Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim. • Occasionally, but only occasionally, one of these lemons will get by the inspectors.
Review the section on Misplaced Modifiers for some additional ideas on placement. Modifiers can sometimes attach themselves to and thus modify words that they ought not to modify. • They reported that Giuseppe Balle, a European rock star, had died on the six o’clock news. Clearly, it would be better to move the underlined modifier to a position immediately after "they reported” or even to the beginning of the sentence — so the poor man doesn't die on television. Misplacement can also occur with very simple modifiers, such as only and barely: • She only grew to be four feet tall.
The adverbs enough and not enough usually take a postmodifier position: • Is that music loud enough? • These shoes are not big enough. • In a roomful of elderly people, you must remember to speak loudly enough. 13
(Notice, though, that when enough functions as an adjective, it can come before the noun: • Did she give us enough time? The adverb enough is often followed by an infinitive: • She didn't run fast enough to win. The adverb too comes before adjectives and other adverbs: • She ran too fast. • She works too quickly.
• Yasmin works hard. She works quickly, too. The adverb too is often followed by an infinitive: • She runs too slowly to enter this race. Another common construction with the adverb too is too followed by a prepositional phrase — for + the object of the preposition — followed by an infinitive: • This milk is too hot for a baby to drink. Relative Adverbs Adjectival clauses are sometimes introduced by what are called the relative adverbs: where, when, and why. Although the entire clause is adjectival and will modify a noun, the relative word itself fulfills an adverbial function (modifying a verb within its own clause). 14
The relative adverb where will begin a clause that modifies a noun of place: My entire family now worships in the church where my great grandfather used to be minister.
A when clause will modify nouns of time: My favorite month is always February, when we celebrate Valentine's Day and Presidents' Day. And a why clause will modify the noun reason: Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today? We sometimes leave out the relative adverb in such clauses, and many writers prefer "that" to "why" in a clause referring to "reason": • Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today? • I always look forward to the day when we begin our summer vacation. • I know the reason that men like motorcycles.
Viewpoint, Focus, and Negative Adverbs A viewpoint adverb generally comes after a noun and is related to an adjective that precedes that noun: • A successful athletic team is often a good team scholastically. 15
• Investing all our money in snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea financially. You will sometimes hear a phrase like "scholastically speaking” or "financially speaking" in these circumstances, but the word "speaking" is seldom necessary. A focus adverb indicates that what is being communicated is limited to the part that is focused; a focus adverb will tend either to limit the sense of the sentence ("He got an A just for attending the class.") or to act as an additive ("He got an A in addition to being published." Although negative constructions like the words "not" and "never" are usually found embedded within a verb string — "He has never been much help to his mother." — they are technically not part of the verb; they are, indeed, adverbs. However, a so-called negative adverb creates a negative meaning in a sentence
• He seldom visits. • She hardly eats anything since the accident. • After her long and tedious lectures, rarely was anyone awake. Table of adverbs with -ly А A bo rtiv ly Н еу д ач н о, б есп ло д н о A b sen tly Р ассе ян о A b so lu tely С о вер ш ен н о , б езу сл о вн о A b stracted ly Р ассеян о , аб стр актн о, о твл еч ен о A bsurdly Н ел еп о, аб сурд н о, глуп о A ccid en tally Н еп р ед у м ы ш л ен н о , сл у ч ай н о 16
A cco rd in g ly С о о тветствен н о, поэтом у, т ак и м образом , сл ед о вател ьн о A ccu rately Т очн о
A cidly Е дко, с р азд раж ен и ем , х о л о д н о A d m ittedly П р ед п о л о ж и тел ьн о , со гл асн о A d v ised ly О б дум ан но , н ам ер ен н о A greeably П р и я тн о ; соо тветствен н о A irily В озд уш н о , легко, гр ац и о зн о, л егко м ы сл ен н о , б еззаб о тн о A llo w ed ly Д о зв о л ен н ы м образом ; по о б щ ем у п р и зн ан и ю A lp h ab etically В а л ф ави тн о м п оряд ке A m en ab ly С о гласн о, в со о тветстви и A m ply О би льн о, полно, д о стато чн о; п р о стр ан н о A n grily Г н евн о , серд и то A n nually Е ж е го д н о A n terio rly Р ан ьш е A n xio u sly С тр ево гой , в волн ен и ем ; о ч ен ь си льн о A p pallin g ly У ж асаю щ е, п о тр я саю щ е A p p aren tly Я вн о , очеви д н о; п о-ви д и м о м у , ви ди м о A p p o sitely В ер о я тн о A p p ro v in g ly О д о б р и тел ьн о A p p ro x im ately П р и б л и зи тел ьн о , п р и б ли ж ен н о, почти A rd ently Г о ряч о , п ы л ко A ssu red ly К о н ечн о , н е сом н ен н о A ttach ed ly П р ед ан н о A ud eb ly Г р о м ко , вн ятно; вслух, я сн о A u rally У стн о, н а слух A u then tically П о д л и н н о , д осто вер н о A w fully У ж асн о, очень, край не, ч р езвы ч ай н о B B ald ly
О ткры ть; скудно, уб о го B ally
У ж асн о, стр аш н о B ad ly
П ло х о, д урн о B arely
П рям о, откры то; то л ько, просто B asely
Н и зко , б есч естн о B asically В сво ей осн ове; п о сущ еству, в о сн овн ом B eastly
О тв р ати тел ьн о, уж асн о B eg g arly Н и щ ен ски , у м о л яю щ е B la ck g u ard ly М ер зк о B la n d ly В еж л и во , л аско во B la n k ly Б езу частн о, туп о, н е вы р ази тел ьн о B lin dly С лепо, б езрассудн о B o dily
Л и чн о; ц ели ком B o ldly
С м ело, нагло B riefly
К р атко, сж ато B ro adly Ш и р о к о B ro th erly П о -б р а тс к и B usily
Н азо й л и в о , н авязч и во C C alm ly С п о кой н о , х л ад н о к р о в н о C ap itally П р ево сх о д н о , в ел и ко леп н о ; ч резвы ч ай н о , о сн о вател ьн о C arefu lly Б ер еж н о , вн и м ател ьн о, заб о тл и в о C ertainly К о н ечн о , н еп рем ен н о, н есо м н ен н о 17
C haracteristically Т и п и чн о, х ар ак тер н о C hiefly Г л а в н ы м образом , о соб ен н о C hildly П о -д е тс к и C hilly Х олод н о, зябко; сухо ч о п о р н о C ircu n m stau tially П о д р о б н о , о б сто ятел ьн о C ivilly В еж л и во , учти во, л ю б езн о C leanly Ч и сто, ц ело м у д р ен н о C learly Я сн о, оч еви д н о, н есо м н ен н о C losely Б ли зко , тесн о; в н и м ател ьн о C oldly Х олод н о, н еп р и в етл и во C om p letely С о вер ш ен н о , п о лн остью , вп олн е всец ело C onceivably П р ед п о л о ж и тел ьн о C on cen trically К о н ц ен тр и ч ес к и C o nfessed ly П о л и ч н о м у и о б щ ем у п р и зн ан и ю C o n fiden tially П о секрету, к о н ф и д ен ц и ал ьн о C o nfu sed ly С м ущ ен н о; б есп о р яд о ч н о C o nstan tly П о сто ян н о C on strain ed ly П о н ево л е, стесн ен н о , н ап р я ж ен н о C on tem p tu o u sly П р е зр и тел ьн о C on tritely П о каян н о , с р аскаян и ем , со кр у ш ен н о C o nv ersily О братн о, н а о б о р о т C o rd ially С ерд еч н о, по душ ам , р ад у ш н о C orrectly П р ави л ьн о , верн о; корректн о , веж л и во C osily У ю тн о
C ow ardly Т русл и во C raftily Х и тр о
C rim inally П р еступ н о; со гл асн о у го л о в н о м у п раву C rossly Р азд р аж ен н о , сварли во; сер д и то C ruelly Ж есто ко , б езж ал остн о; м у ч и тел ьн о C rustily С варли во, с р азд р аж е н и ем C u rio u sly С тран н о, н еобы чай н о C u rsed ly М ер зко , о твр ати тел ьн о D D aily
Е ж е д н ев н о D am n ab ly О тв р ати тел ьн о; уж асн о, очен ь D ark ly
М р ач н о , зл о б н о ; тем н о; зага д о ч н о D azed ly И зу м л е н н о D ead ly
С м ер тел ьн о, уж асн о, ч р езв ы ч ай н о D early
Н еж н о D eath ly С м ер тел ьн о D ecen tly П о р яд о ч н о , п ри ли ч н о, х о ро ш о ; скром н о, л ю б езн о , м ило D ecid e d ly Р еш и тел ьн о; н есом н ен н о, ясн о, б ессп о р н о D eim ally П о д еся ти ч н о й си стем е D eep ly
Г л у б о к о D en sely Г усто, п л о тн о D ep reciatin g ly П р ен еб р е ж и тел ьн о , н еу важ и тел ьн о D eserv ed ly Заслуж ен о, по засл у гам D esig n ed ly У м ы ш л ен н о , с н ам ер ен и ем D esp airin g ly В о тчаян и и , б езн ад еж н о D ev o ted ly П р ед ан н о D ev o u rin g ly Ж ад н о D iam etric ally Д и ам етр ал ьн о 18
D ifferen tly Р азл и ч н о , по разн ом у, п о-и н о м у, ин аче D irectly П рям о; н еп осред ствен н о; н ем ед л ен н о D irtily Г р язн о; низко; б есч естн о D isap p ro v in g ly Н ео д о б р и тел ьн о D isco m p o sed ly Б есп о к о й н о , тревож н о; взво л н о в ан н о D isco n n ected ly Б ессвязн о, отр ы ви сто D isco n ten ted ly Н ед о во л ьн о ; н е у д о в л е тв о р и тел ьн о D iso b lig in g ly Н е сч и таясь в други м и ; н ел ю б езн о D iso rd erly Б е сп о р я д о ч н о D o u g h tily Д о б л естн о, отваж н о D ream ily М еч тател ьн о , как во сне D ro n in g ly М о н о то н н о , зау н ы вн о D ro w sily С онн о, вяло D ru d g in g ly У сер д н о , старательн о; с тр уд о м D uly Д о л ж н ы м образом , п р ави л ьн о E E arly
Р ан о , заб л аго вр е м е н н о , п р еж д евр ем ен н о E arn estly Н асто ятел ьн о , у б ед и тел ьн о E asily
Л егко, своб од н о E asterly Н а восток, к востоку, с во стока E co n o m ica lly Э ко н о м н о, б ереж ли во, п ракти ч н о E d u ca tio n a lly П ед аго ги ч ески ; с то ч к и зр ен и я во сп и тан и я E m b arrassin g ly О ш ел о м л я ю щ е E m p h atically Н асто й ч и во ; м н о го зн ач и тел ьн о E n o rm o u sly Ч р е зв ы ч ай н о E x clu siv ely И ск л ю ч и те л ьн о , ед и н ствен н о , то л ьк о E x p erim en tally О п ы тн ы м путем , в п оряд ке оп ы та E x p ressly Н ар о ч и то , сп ец и ал ьн о; точн о, я сн о E x ten siv ely Ш и р о ко , п ро стр ан н о, во все сто р о н ы E x trao rd in arily С о вер ш ен н о н еобы чн о, н ео б ы ч ай н ы м о б р азом E x trem ely Ч р езвы ч ай н о , край н е
F ain tly Б ледн о , слабо F airly
С п р авед л и во; сн осно; я вн о F aith fu lly В ерн о, ч естн о F alsely
П р и тво р н о , ф альш и во; ош и б о ч н о, п л охо F am iliarly Б е сц е р ем о н н о F ath erly О течески F eelin g ly С чувством , с ж аро м F eig n in g ly П р и тв о р н о F ifthly
В п яты х F in ally В зак л ю ч е н и и , о ко н ч ател ьн о F irstly
В о -п ер вы х F ish ily П о д о зр и тел ьн о , сом н и тел ьн о F ix ed ly П р и стал ьн о , в упор; тверд о , креп ко, п ро ч н о F latly
П лоско , ровн о; скучно, ун ы ло; р еш и тел ьн о F lu en tly П лавн о, гладко; бегло F o n d ly Н еж н о; н аивн о, д о вер ч и во F o rced ly В ы н у ж д ен о , п ри н у ж д ен о F o u lly Г р язн о , о тврати тел ьн о; п редательски , ж есто ко F reshly
С веж о, б одро 19
F rien d ly Д р уж ествен н о, д р у ж ел ю б н о F ro stily Х олод н о, н еп р и ветл и во , сд ер ж ан н о F u lly В п о л н е, соверш ен н о , п ол н остью F u rtiv ely У к р ад к о й кр ад уч и сь G G ally
В есело, рад о стн о; я р к о G enerally О бы чн о, как прави ло, в целом , вообщ е G enially С ерд еч н о, д о б р о д у ш н о G ently
М ягко , неж н о, кротко, ти х о, о сто р о ж н о G en uinely И скр ен н ее, н е п о д д ел ьн о G eo m etrically Г ео м етр и ч е ск и G hastly
С траш н о, уж асн о G iddily
Г о л о во к р у ж и тел ьн о ; л егк о м ы сл ен н о G ingerly О сто р о ж н о, о см о тр и тел ьн о G larin gly Я р ко , о сл еп и тел ьн о; вы зы ваю щ е грубо G libly
М н о го р еч и в о , м н о го сл о в н о G lo atingly Зл о р ад н о G loom ily М р ач н о , ун ы л о G raciou sly М и л о сти во , лю б езн о; сн и сх о д и тел ьн о G rad ually П о степ ен н о , п оследов ател ьн о, п о -н ем н о гу G raphically Г р аф и ч ески ; н агл яд н о , ж и во, красоч н о G ratefully С б л аго д арн ость; п ри ятн о G reatly
Зн ачи тел ьн о , весьм а; во звы ш ен н о G reedily Ж ад н о , п ро ж о р л и во G ropin g ly О щ уп ью G rossly
Г ру б о , в у л ьгарн о G uardedly С д ерж ан н о , о сторож н о G uiltily В и н о вато
H alf-y early Р аз в п о л го д а H ap p ily С ч астл и во, усп еш н о, у д ач н о H ard ily С м ело H ard ly
Е два, с труд ом ; резко, сурово H eartily С ерд еч н о, и скрен н е, си льн о, очен ь H eav ily Т яж ело, си льн о H esitatin g ly Н е р еш и тел ьн о H ig h ly В есьм а, си льн о; вы соко; б л аго п р и ятн о H o n estly Ч естн о , и скрен н е, п р ави л ьн о H o u rly Е ж ечасн о, часто, п осто я н н о H u gely
О чен ь, весьм а H u m an ly П о -ч ел о веч еск и ; гум ан н о, ч ел о веч н о H u sh fu lly П р и гл у ш ен н о , в п о л го л о са
Id eally
И д еал ьн о, п рево сх о д н о Im m ed iately Н ем ед л ен н о , т о т час же; н е п о ср ед стве н н о Im m en sely Б езм ер н о , очен ь Im p licitly К о св е н н ы м образом ; б езо го во р о ч н о Im p lo rin g ly У м о ляю щ е, с м ол ьб о й In cid en tally С л учай н о, н есущ ествен н о; м еж д у п р о ч и м In con tinen tly Н есд ер ж ан н о ; то тчас, н ем ед лен н о 20
Increasing ly В се б о л ьш е и бол ьш е Indefin ab ly Р асп л ы в ч ато , н ео п р ед ел ен н о Ind ifferen tly Р авн о д у ш н о , б езразл и ч н о; н е п о ср ед стве н н о Ind ign antly С н егод о ван и ем , возм у щ ен н о Ind ulg ently С н и сх о д и тел ьн о; м и л о сти во Ind ustrially С и н д у стр и ал ьн о т о ч к и зр ен и я In g ratiatin g ly Заи ски в аю щ е, л ьсти во In itially В н а ч ал ьн о й стадии , в и сх о д н о м п о л о ж ен и и In sen sib ly Н езам етн о , п о степ ен н о In sign ificantly Н езн ач и тел ьн о In sin u atin g ly В кр ад ч и во; н еоп ред ел ен н о , ту м ан н о Instan tly Н ем ед л ен н о , то тч ас In tern ally В н у тр ен н е In v ersely О б р атн о Inw o rd ly В н у тр и , вн утрь; в ум е, в душ е, п ро себя J Jo intly
С овм естн о, воо б щ е Jolly
О чен ь, ч р езвы ч ай н о Justly
С п р авед л и во, зако н н о K K in d ly Д о б р о ж ел ател ьн о , лю б езн о; легко; п ри ятн о K in g ly П о -к о р о л е вск и , вел и ч еств ен н о K n ig h tly П о -р ы ц ар ск и , б л аго р о д н о K n o w in g ly С о зн ательн о, н ам ерен н о; п о н и м аю щ е, искусн о, ловко, у м ел о
L argelly В зн а ч и те л ь н о й степ ени ; об и льн о, щ едро L astly
Н акон ец , в закл ю ч е н и и L ately
Н ед авн о; за п о след н ее врем я L atterly Н ед авн о; к конц е, под кон ец L eisu rely С п о кой н о , не сп еш а L ig htly С легка, н есерьезн о, легко, б езразл и ч н о, б есп ечн о L ik ely
В ер о я тн о L iv ely
Ж и во, весело, ож и в л ен н о L o cally В о п р е д е л е н н о м м есте; в м естн о м м асш таб е L o osely С во б о д н о L ou d ly Г р о м ко , ш ум но, кр и ч ащ е L ow ly
С кр о м н о L u b b erly Н еу кл ю ж е, н есм ело L u ck ily К счастью , по с ч астл и во й сл у ч ай н о сти
M ain ly
Г л а в н ы м о б разом M asterly М астер ск и M aterially С у щ еств ен н ы м образом ; м атер и альн о; ф акти ч еск и M ean in g ly М н о го зн ач и тел ьн о ; созн ател ьн о , н аро чн о M ean ly
П о д л о ни зко; слабо, п осред ствен н о M en tally У м ствен н о, м ы сл ен н о M erelly
Т олько, просто, ед и н ствен н о M errily
В есело, ож и в л ен н о M ig h tily М о щ н о , си льн о, очен ь 21
M ilitarily В о и н ствен н о ; п о -во ен н о м у M in u te ly П о д р о б н о , т о ч н о M iserab ly Н есч астн о , уж асн о M istak en ly О ш и б о чн о; н еум естн о M o m en tarily Н а м гн о вен и е, н ем ед лен н о , еж ем и н у тн о M o m en tly С м и н у ты н а м ин уты , н а м гн о в ен и е M o n th ly Е ж е м е сяч н о M o rally М о р ал ьн о , н равствен н о, д о б р о д етел ьн о M o rtally С м ер тел ьн о M o stly П о б о л ьш ей ч асти, гл авн ы м о б разом M o th erly П о -м а те р и н с к и M u tu ally В заи м н о , о б о ю д н о N N am ely
А и м ен н о, т о есть N arro w ly У зко, тесн о; чуть п од роб н о , то ч н о N atio n ally С о б щ ен ац и о н а л ьн о й то ч к и зрен и я, в н а ц и о н ал ьн о м духе N atu rally К о н ечн о ; п о при роде, от ро ж д ен и я; естеств ен н о N au tically П о -ф л о тск и N early
Б ли зко , п ри б ли зи тел ьн о, п оч ти N eatly
А кку ратн о, оп рятн о; четко, ясн о; и скусн о N ecessarily О б язател ьн о, н е п р ем ен н о N eig h b o u rly П о -со сед ск и N icely
Х орош о, м ило, л ю б езн о, при ятн о N ig g ard ly С купо, скудн о N ig h tly Н о чью , по н оч ам N o b ly
Б л агор о д н о, п рекрасн о, п р ево сх о д н о N o m in a lly Н о м и н а л ьн о N o rth erly К северу N o rth w ard ly К северу, н а север N o tab ly И ск л ю ч и те л ьн о , особен н о; весьм а N o ted ly В зн а ч и те л ь н о й степ ени , зам етн о N o tic eab ly Зам етн о, зн а ч и те л ь н о N u m ero u sly В б о л ьш о м кол и ч естве O O b lig in g ly Л ю б езн о , у сл уж л и во, веж л и во O ccasio n ally И зред ка, врем я от врем ен и O ddly
С тр ан н о O fficially О ф и ц и ал ьн о, ф о р м ал ьн о O nly
Т олько, и ск л ю ч и тел ьн о O penly
О ткры то, откровен н о, п у б л и ч н о O rally
У стн о O rdin arily О бы чн о, об ы кн о в ен н о O rigin ally П ер во н ач ал ьн о , по п р о и сх о ж д ен и ю , о р и ги н ал ьн о O utw ardly В н еш н е, сн аруж и , на вид O verly
Ч р езм ер н о , сл и ш ком O vertly
О ткры то, п убли чн о, о ткр о вен н о P P articu larly О чен ь, ч р езвы ч ай н о, особ ен н о, и н д и ви д у ал ьн о P artly
Ч астью , ч асти чн о, отчасти P assin g ly М и м о х о д о м ; очен ь 22
P aten tly Я вн о , о чеви д н о, откры то P ecu liarly О собен н о; л и ч н о P eren n ially В сегда, вечно, п остоян н о P erfectly С о вер ш ен н о , вп олн е, о тл и ч н о P erio d ically П ер и о д и ч ес к и ; врем я от врем ен и P erm an e n tly П о сто ян н о , надолго, п ер м ан ен тн о P erp lex e d ly Н ед о у м ен н о , р астер ян н о P erso n ally Л и чн о, п ерсон ал ьн о, что к асается м ен я P ith ily В то чку , по су щ еству P ity in g ly С ж ал о стью , к со ж ален и ю P lain ly П рям о, откр ы то P lea sen tly Л ю б езн о ; весело, п ри ятн о P o litely В еж л и во , л ю б езн о P o litially Р асч етл и во , х и тр о P o o rly С кудно, плохо; ж алко, н еу дачн о P o p u larly В сен ар од н о; п о п ул ярн о Bibliography 1. Апохлова М. А. Грамматические трудности перевода. М., 1980., - 158 с. 2. Бархударов Л. С. Язык и перевод. М., 1975., - 183 с. 3. Буранов Ж. Инглиз ва узбек тиллари киёсий грамматикаси. Т., 1973., - 134 б. 4. Бондарко Л.В. Грамматическая категория и контекст . Л., 1971., - 177 с. 5. Иванова И.Б., Рогенцов Г.Г. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. М.. 1981., - 158 с. 23
6. Blokh M.Y. A course in theoretical English Grammar. M., 1983., - 217 P 7. Chomsky N. Language and Mind. M., 1972., - 198 p. 8. Close R.A. A reference grammar for students of English . M., 1979., - 167 p.
9. Kaushanskaya V. A. and others. A grammar of the English language. M., 1973., - 273 p. 10. Khlebnikova I.V. A theoretical English grammar. M., 1981., - 245 p. 11. Kobrina N. A. and others. An English grammar Morphology. M., 1985., - 265 p. 24 Download 267.27 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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