Ielts essays abazar alizadeh
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A A P P P P E E N N D D I I X X 1 1 C C O O N N N N E E C C T T I I V V E E S S Appendix 1: Connectives 114 IELTS Essays, Letters, Graphs, Diagrams & Maps Appendix 1 Connectives 1- Enumeration: First, … Furthermore, … Finally, … Firstly, … Secondly, …. Thirdly, … Above all Last but not least First and foremost First and most importantly To begin, … In the second place, … Moreover, … And to conclude, … To start with, … Next, … Then, … Afterward, … Lastly/Finally, … 2- Addition: to what has been previously indicated A. Reinforcement (includes confirmation): Also Furthermore Further Moreover What is more Then In addition Above all Too As well (as) B. Equation (similarity with what has preceded): Equally Likewise Similarly Correspondingly In the same way 3- Transition can lead to a new stage in the sequence of thought Now With reference/ respect/ regard to Regarding Let us (now) turn to Appendix 1: Connectives IELTS Essays, Letters, Graphs, Diagrams & Maps 115 often used when discussing something briefly spoken language 4- Summation indicates a generalization or summing-up of what has preceded In conclusion To conclude To sum up briefly In brief To summarize Altogether Overall Then Therefore Thus 5- Apposition is used to refer back to previous sentences or to parallel or related references i.e., that is, that’s to say vis., Namely in other words or, or rather, or better and as follows mostly (of) The relationship that these phrases can express include: reformulation, exemplification and particularization As for As to Incidentally By the way Come to think of it Talking/speaking of … (informal) Apropos of … (formal) That reminds me … Indicates a digression and an afterthought To introduce a digression Appendix 1: Connectives 116 IELTS Essays, Letters, Graphs, Diagrams & Maps 6- Result expresses the consequences or result of what was said before: So Therefore As a result/consequence The result/consequence is/was Accordingly Consequently Now Then Because of this/that Thus Hence For this/that reason 7- Inference indicates a deduction from what is implicit in the preceding sentences: Then In other words In that case Or else Otherwise If so/not That implies My conclusion is 8- Reformulation to express something in another way: Or better Or rather In other words In that case To put it (more) simply 9- Replacement to express an alternative to what has preceded Or alternatively Or rather Or better/worse (still) … Equivalent to a negative condition Appendix 1: Connectives IELTS Essays, Letters, Graphs, Diagrams & Maps 117 On the other hand The alternative is Another possibility would be 10- Contrast, with what has preceded Instead Conversely Then On the contrary By (way of) contrast In comparison (On the one hand) … on the other hand … 11- concession indicates the unexpected, surprising nature of what is being said in view of what was said before: or (else) however nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding only still while al(though) even if/though yet in any case at any rate for all that in spite of/despite that after all at the same time on the other hand all the same Appendix 1: Connectives 118 IELTS Essays, Letters, Graphs, Diagrams & Maps A A P P P P E E N N D D I I X X 2 2 S S T T R R U U C C T T U U R R E E & & V V O O C C A A B B U U L L A A R R Y Y A A I I D D Appendix 1: Connectives IELTS Essays, Letters, Graphs, Diagrams & Maps 119 Appendix 2 Structure and Vocabulary Aid 1- Location X is situated/located in/to/on X is in the south of the country X is to the north of the country The north of the country is on/near the equator/the coast/sea The north of the country is inland X is a neighboring country 2- Composition X 3- Approximation X has just/a little over/under (a figure, measurement, etc.) X has about/approximately (a figure, measurement, etc.) 4- Qualification X is predominately/mainly/generally … The majority of/most of the X is … 5- Definition X X is concerned with/deals with/relates to/involves comprises … consists of … constitutes … is composed of … is … means … describes … is defined as … is used … Appendix 1: Connectives 120 IELTS Essays, Letters, Graphs, Diagrams & Maps 6- Exemplification Shown/exemplified/illustrated by … X shows/exempify/illustrates … The following are examples of X A and b are examples of X Writes such as Dickens and Hardy … Such writers as Dickens and Hardy … 7- Classification Useful nouns Criterion/criteria Basis/bases Features Characteristics Categories Classes Groups Types Kinds Sorts speacies Useful verbs To Classify Categorise Group Divide into Arrange in Put into Fall into X consists of … according to whether or not … there is X … comprises X may be classified The classification is based (up)on … Breeds Orders Divisions Families Members Sub-categories Sub-classes Sub-groups Sub-orders Sub-divisions according to … on the basis of … depending (up)on… Place in Distinguish Differentiate Sub-classify Sub-categorise Sub-group Sub-divide Appendix 1: Connectives IELTS Essays, Letters, Graphs, Diagrams & Maps 121 Note the possible sequences: 8- Comparison X is than X is the same as X is not exactly/entirely/quite the same as X is totally/completely/entirely/quite different from Y X is not quite as/so big/expensive etc. as … X and Y are different/dissimilar in every way/respect X and Y are totally/completely/entirely/quite different 9- Cause & Effect the cause of higher prices was an increase in demand the one effect/consequence/result of an increase in demand is higher prices … may be divided … may be sub-divided … … may be further sub-divided … considerably A great deal (very) much (quite) a lot rather somewhat a little slightly scarcely hardly only just smaller bigger cheaper etc. exactly precisely just virtually practically more or less almost nearly approximately about Appendix 1: Connectives 122 IELTS Essays, Letters, Graphs, Diagrams & Maps the demand has increased (:) the prices are higher because/as/since/now that the demand has increased, the prices are higher an increase in demand often causes/results in/leads to/produces higher prices higher prices are (often) caused by/due to/because of an increase in demand an increase in demand the prices are higher there is an increase in demand when/if there is an increase in demand (then) prices rise therefore, so, as a result, as a consequence, accordingly, consequently, because of this, thus, hence, for this reason, because of as a result of on account of owing to through because since as Appendix 1: Connectives IELTS Essays, Letters, Graphs, Diagrams & Maps 123 10- Scale Percentage guide QUANTITY FREQUENC Y PROBABILITY ADVERBS ADJECTIVES VERBS 0% all/every/each most a majority (of) many/much a lot (of) enough some a number of several a minority (of) a few/a little no/none/not any always usually normally generally on the whole regularly often frequently sometimes occasionally rarely seldom hardly ever never certainly definitely undoubtedly clearly presumably probably conceivably possibly perhaps maybe uncertainly certain definite undoubted clear (un)likely probable possible uncertain will is/are must/have to should would ought to may might can could will is/are can could it is fairly certain/likely that … it is very/quite probable/possible/likely/unlikely that … it is rather unlikely that … it is almost/quite certain that … in the (vast) majority of cases in a (large) number of cases in most cases in some cases in a few cases 11- Caution: impersonal verbs phrases it appears to/that it would appear to/that it seems to/that it would seem to/that it tends to be there is a tendency to/for it is said that some of the evidence shows that some writers say that 100 % not |
