Ii iii Bareilly Shareef And respect is (only) for Allah
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
- This is the inevitable outcome of embracing the ideology of Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab in part or full.
- Deoband: Aqaid of Unbelief
- THE APOLOGIST
- Iman, Kufr, and Takfir: A Deobandi Perspective
- An Outline of the Argument
- To deny anything of the first category above constitutes plain and open unbelief.
- Any Muslim who denies something that is necessarily known to be of the religion of Islam is adjudged a renegade and an unbeliever (kafir)
- Muslims in such a condition should be informed about the truth, and if they then continue as before, they are adjudged non-Muslims, as is also the case with any Muslim who
- For such works, the thoroughness of documentation suggests that authors bear
- it must be plainly expressed, not merely implied, for otherwise the accuser has committed another fallacy, to which we now turn
- If an utterance is unambiguous and its context plain, there is normally only one possible intention.
- “some of the most salient points of which have been conveyed in the previous section [i.e. Conclusions ],”
- Bear this in mind when reading Chapter IX: Denial of Disbelief. A Summary of the Argument
and scholar Hadhrat 79 Shiakh Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab Najdi ( ہ ا ۃ ر). This great reformist was accused of many things; therefore the opponents attribute us to him for irritating us. It is useful to study the book Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab ke khilaf propaganda aur Hindustan ke Ulam-e-Haq per uske asaraat [The Propaganda against Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab and its effect on the Rightly Guided Ulama of India] written by Hadhrat Maulana Manzoor Nomani 80 ”. 78 Darul Ifta, Darul Uloom Deoband, accessed on 8 November 2009; available from http://darulifta-deoband.org/viewfatwa.jsp?ID=1317 . 79 In South Asian culture the title Hadhrat means “presence.” It is supposed to be given to righteous men, who are in a state of constant remembrance of Allah . A murderer, tyrant, and rebel should be condemned, imprisoned, and put to death by the central Islamic authority. The scholars of Deoband should not praise and honor a man whose hands are stained with the blood of Muslims. 80 Darul Ifta, Darul Uloom Deoband, accessed on 27 October 2009; available from http://darulifta-deoband.org/viewfatwa.jsp?ID=5177 . Bold is the compiler’s emphasis. According to Allamah Kaukab Noorani Okarvi, Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab ke khilaf propaganda aur Hindustan ke Ulam-e-Haq per uske asaraat seeks to prove that there is no ideological difference between “Hadhrat Shiakh Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab Najdi (ہ ا ۃ ر)” and the Ulama of Deoband. One such similarity can be seen in their condemnation of pilgrimage to Sufi shrines (ziyarat). In this respect, famous Deobandi scholars of note like Muhammad Manzoor Nomani and Muhammad Zakariyya have even declared themselves to be “staunch Wahhabis” as they didn’t want the grave of Muhammad Ilyas to become a source of magnetism for their Jama’at (Hadrat Allama Arshadul-Qaadiri, Tablighi Jama’at: In the Light of Facts and Truth, 79-80). Two very 31 Darul Uloom Deoband is praising “a great reformer and scholar,” who said that invoking blessings on the Prophet was reprehensible and disliked (makruh) in Shari’ah. A man who was condemned by his own teachers (Shaykh Muhammad Ibn Sulayman al-Kurdi and Shaykh Muhamad Hayah al-Sind ) and brother (Sulayman ), who wrote a book entitled al- Sawaiq to refute Ibn Wahhab’s innovative and subversive creed. Under the leadership of “Hadhrat Shiakh Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab Najdi ( ا ۃ ر ہ )” the Wahhabis massacred the people of Taif killing everyone in sight 81 . Fatawa Rashidiyya and Darul Ifta represent the real Deobandi Aqida Book, whereas, al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad was written to beguile and mislead Sunni Muslims (scholars and laymen alike). Muhammad ibn Adam should visit Darul Ifta, Darul Uloom Deoband, and get his story straight before publishing a fatwa about his elder! Why do the scholars of Deoband, past and present, issue fatawa that contradict their “official belief” and Radd al-Muhtar, the primary reference for fatwa in the prominent Deobandi scholars endorsed Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab ke khilaf propaganda aur Hindustan ke Ulam-e-Haq per uske asaraat, namely, Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi (1898-1982) and Qari Muhammad Tayyab (d. 1983). The former had great affection for Rashid Ahamd Gangohi, who was his primary teacher in hadith. He is also the nephew of Muhammad Ilyas (founder of the Tabligh movement), and a successor (khalifa) and representative (na’ib) of Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri. While the latter, Qari Muhammad Tayyab, was the grandson of Muhammad Qasim Nanotwi. He received spiritual guidance from Ashraf Ali Thanwi, and graduated from Darul Uloom Deoband in 1336 A.H./1918 C.E. He served as the principal of his grandfather’s seminary for a period of about 50 years. By the way, Muhammad Manzoor Nomani also authored Tabligh Jamaat. Ernst and Lawrence observe that “even though both [Jam’at-i Islami and the Tablighis] adopt a style of leadership that presumes the authority of a Sufi master, they try to annual the traditional order and their sites, especially at Nizamuddin in Delhi, perhaps because of its enormous symbolic capital” (Sufi Martyrs of Love, 104). They further say that, “In the case of the twentieth-century missionary society of the Tablighi Jama’at, reformism amounted to a sublimation and simplification of Sufi piety. In the end, the Tablighis rejected institutional Sufism altogether” (Ibid, 107). This is the inevitable outcome of embracing the ideology of Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab in part or full. 81 Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, Encyclopedia of Islamic Doctrine: Beliefs (Mountain View: As-Sunna Foundation of America, 1998), 1:188-193. 32 Hanafi school? Either they are Sunnis following in the footsteps of Allama Ibn Abidin or Wahhabi sympathizers, who admirer “a great reformer and scholar Hadhrat Shiakh Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab Najdi ( ہ ا ۃ ر).” But they cannot be both as the creed of Ibn Wahhab is diametrically opposed to that of Allama Ibn Abidin , i.e. the Ahle Sunnat wal Jama’at. One is an innovation leading to the Fire of Hell and the other is a Path to Salvation. Deoband: Aqaid of Unbelief The extreme positions taken by Wahhab and Dihlawi inescapably led the founders of Deoband to the same end, heresy. While Nanotwi denied Khatam ul-Nabuwwat (the finality of Prophethood), Gangohi forwarded the heresy that a lie told by God is possible. His apologist, Khalil Ahmad, belittled the Prophet by arguing that his blessed knowledge is inferior to Satan and the Angel of Death. Ashraf Ali Thanwi went so far as to compare the Prophet’s knowledge to madmen, animals and beasts. In Chapter IV: Verbal Abuse, the verbatim statements of the above scholars will be examined. Naturally such blasphemous assertions found a great deal of opposition from the Ahle Sunnat ‘Ulama. Amongst the most stalwart opponents of the Deobandis, was the great luminary, A’la Hadrat Imam Ahmed Raza . After waiting for more than a decade for the founder of Darul Uloom Deoband to clarify what he actually meant to say it had become clear that the Deobandis were not willing to retract their disgraceful statements despite repeated warnings! Their treachery reached new depths with the publication and propagation of Hifzul Iman (Protection of Faith) by Ashraf Ali Thanwi. The august Mujaddid was left with little choice but to issue a fatwa of kufr against them in 1902. Not surprisingly, a large number of scholars came forward in support of this verdict. As many as three-hundred and one scholars from the Arab world and the Subcontinent endorsed Husam al-Haramayn declaring these four men unbelievers (kafirs). 33 Strangely enough, in what is a straightforward attack on the Lord of Truth and His Beloved Prophet , the Deobandis till date have not acknowledged their heinous transgression more than a century later. This obstinacy in the face of open truth renders one to feel that only the diabolical quality of arrogance could have led many a Deobandi scholar to such insolence. What’s more, the Deobandis have virtually captured the market when it comes to making “dawa”, often inviting people to a seemingly pious and noncontentious brand of Islam. This school has gathered many an unsuspecting adherent, especially in the West where their antics have not had to bear the scorching gaze of a clearheaded and accomplished Alim, such as A’la Hadrat . As a result, this devilry goes forth unabated and the ordinary Muslim, unaware of the traps that lay in store for him, is inevitably the final victim. What follows is a summary of Nuh Keller’s convoluted essay that reads like a veritable apologetic for the Deobandi Shaykhs. 34 THE APOLOGIST According to SunniPath Academy, “Shaykh Nuh Keller is an American- Muslim master of Islamic spirituality, specialist in Islamic Law, and translator 82 .” He possesses ijazas (certificates of authorization) in Islamic jurisprudence and spirituality from shaykhs in Syria and Jordan and teaches courses on tasawwuf at SunniPath Academy 83 . In 1996, he became a full shaykh of the Shadhili Tariqa 84 . Iman, Kufr, and Takfir: A Deobandi Perspective Those wishing to write about the Barelwi-Deobandi conflict on the Indian Subcontinent must know something about Urdu or at the very least, know someone who does. For this reason, Nuh Keller’s apologetic was written with the help of two very important people: Hamza Karamali 85 and Faraz Rabbani 86 . They were responsible for translating and interpreting certain Urdu texts and phrases for their teacher (Keller). Both were born in Karachi, Pakistan and hold the scholars of Deoband in great regard and respect. “Iman, Kufr, and Takfir” was written in 2007 when all three men were based in Amman, Jordan. Like Keller, Hamza Karamali is a teacher at SunniPath Acadamy. Faraz Rabbani also taught at SunniPath from 2003-2008 and writes for White Thread Press, a Deobandi publishing house. 82 See http://www.sunnipath.com/about/shaykhnuh.aspx . 83 Ibid. 84 See http://shadhilitariqa.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3 . 85 Endnote 27 reads, “ [27] The author would like to thank Hamza Karamali for his English translation of the pages quoted in this section from the Urdu of Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri’s al-Barahin al-qati‘a and Ashraf ‘Ali Thanwi’s Hifz al-iman” (Iman, Kufr, and Takfir). 86 Endnote 34 says, “ [34] The author’s thanks to Faraz Rabbani, who translated the fatwa’s text from Urdu to English” (Iman, Kufr, and Takfir). 35 An Outline of the Argument Throughout the rebuttal, we will occasionally refer to the following sections of Nuh Keller’s article. This outline of “Iman, Kufr, and Takfir” was excerpted verbatim in the order it appeared as it was posted as of December 13, 2009, from http://www.shadhiliteachings.com/ . The headings, subheadings, and quotes are Keller’s. Bold is the compiler’s emphasis. The reader will notice that this article on iman, kufr, and takfir serves only one purpose. One wonders if the question itself isn’t canned. Beneath the outline is a summary of the apologetic in the author’s own words. Iman, Kufr, and Takfir Question: “Is someone who has an idea that is kufr or ‘unbelief’ thereby an ‘unbeliever’?” Response: “The short answer, somewhat surprisingly, is ‘not necessarily.’ In some cases such a person is, and in some not.” I. Oneself: “Life is a gamble, whose stakes are paradise or hell.” a. THINGS THAT EVERYONE KNOWS: “To deny anything of the first category above constitutes plain and open unbelief. It includes such things as denying the oneness of Allah, the attributes of prophethood, that prophetic messengerhood has ended with Muhammad (Allah bless him and give him peace); the resurrection of the dead; the Final Judgement; the recompense; the everlastingness of paradise and hell; the obligatoriness of the prayer, zakat, fasting Ramadan, or the pilgrimage; the unlawfulness of wine or adultery; or anything else that is unanimously concurred upon and necessarily known by Muslims, since there is no excuse not to know these things in the lands of Islam; though for someone new to the religion, or raised in a wilderness, outside of the lands of Islam, or some other place where ignorance of the religion is rife and unavoidable, their ruling 36 becomes that of the second category. As Imam Nawawi explains: ‘Any Muslim who denies something that is necessarily known to be of the religion of Islam is adjudged a renegade and an unbeliever (kafir) unless he is a recent convert or was born and raised in the wilderness or for some similar reason has been unable to learn his religion properly. Muslims in such a condition should be informed about the truth, and if they then continue as before, they are adjudged non-Muslims, as is also the case with any Muslim who believes it permissible to commit adultery, drink wine, kill without right, or do other acts that are necessarily known to be unlawful (Sharh Sahih Muslim, 1.150).’” b. THINGS NOT EVERYONE KNOWS c. THINGS DISAGREED UPON BY ULEMA II. OTHERS: “The first thing to know about declaring someone an unbeliever is that the ‘aqida or ‘Islamic belief’ of anyone who has spoken the Testification of Faith ‘There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah,’ is legally valid until incontrovertibly proven otherwise.” a. THE ENORMITY OF CHARGING A MUSLIM WITH UNBELIEF b. THE TRUE MEASURE OF UNBELIEF III. THE LEGAL CRITERIA FOR UNBELIEF a. WORDS THAT ENTAIL LEAVING ISLAM b. THE FALLACY OF HEARSAY EVIDENCE: “We have not mentioned the comparatively recent phenomenon of printed books whose contents are established by copyrights as the work of a particular author in archives such as the Library of Congress or the British Library. For such works, the thoroughness of documentation suggests that authors bear 37 full legal responsibility for what is in them. But it should be noted that if there is any statement in an author’s printed work that seems to be kufr, it must be plainly expressed, not merely implied, for otherwise the accuser has committed another fallacy, to which we now turn.” [Note: This is the last sentence in this subsection, which sets-up Keller’s acquittal of the Deobandi Shaykhs.] c. THE FALLACY OF IMPUTED INTENTIONALITY: “Words are judged by what the speaker intends, not necessarily what the hearer apprehends. If an utterance is unambiguous and its context plain, there is normally only one possible intention. But according to the Hanafi school, if a statement may conceivably be intended in either of two ways, one valid, the other unbelief (kufr), it cannot be the basis for a fatwa of the kufr of the person who said it.” i. Intentional and Unintentional Insult ii. The Barelwi-Deobandi Conflict on the Indian Subcontinent iii. The Six Disputed ‘Aqida Issues iv. The Imputed Insult v. Ahmad Reza and the Prophet’s Knowledge of the unseen vi. What Khalil Ahmad Said vii. A Discussion of Khalil Ahmad’s Evidence viii. The Words of Ashraf Ali Thanwi [Note: The summary appears near the end of this section.] ix. Conclusions: “Imputed intentionality is a fallacy because the rigorously authenticated proofs we have seen are too clear to misunderstand that sometimes offense may be given to Allah or His messenger (Allah bless him and give him peace) that was not originally intended as an offense—and is therefore without the legal consequences it would have had if it had been intentional.” 38 d. THE FALLACY OF TAKFIR BY ASSOCIATION: Endnote 35 appears under this subheading, wherein, Nuh Keller alleges that scholars and muftis withdrew their endorsements of Husam al-Haramayn when the Deobandis presented their side, “some of the most salient points of which have been conveyed in the previous section [i.e. Conclusions],” which means they purportedly changed their position because Imam Ahmed Raza committed the fallacy of imputed intentionality! Bear this in mind when reading Chapter IX: Denial of Disbelief. A Summary of the Argument Below is a summary of Keller’s argument in “Iman, Kufr, and Takfir,” excerpted verbatim as it was posted as of December 7, 2009. The author is writing about Imam Ahmed Raza’s fatwa, Husam al-Haramayn 87 : “His fatwa of kufr against the Deobandis, however, was a mistake. It was not legally valid in the Hanafi school for the two reasons named by Imam Haskafi at the beginning of this essay, namely, A fatwa may not be given of the unbelief of a Muslim whose words are interpretable as having a valid meaning, or about the unbelief of which there is a difference of scholarly opinion, even if weak (Radd al-muhtar [ala ad-Dur al-Mukhtar 88 ], 3.289). 87 Nuh Keller is actually writing about the fatwa of kufr, Al-Mo’tamad Al-Mustanad (The Reliable Proofs), within Husam al-Haramayn; however, he does not refer to it by name in “Iman, Kufr, and Takfir.” For this reason, we shall be using the name Husam al- Haramayn as a synonym for Al-Mo’tamad Al-Mustanad. 88 Radd al-muhtar is a commentary on Imam Haskafi's al-Durr al-mukhtar by Allama Ibn Abidin . A’la Hadrat cites al-Durr al-mukhtar in Husam al-Haramayn and Tamheedul Iman. Further, Jadd al-Mumtar 'ala Radd al-Muhtar is A’la Hadrat's brilliant marginalia to Allama Ibn Abidin’s work. 39 First, the Deobandis’ words are interpretable as ‘having a valid meaning,’ for they can be construed as making a distinction, however crudely, between Allah’s knowledge of the ‘absolute unseen’ and a man’s knowledge of the ‘relative unseen.’ Saharanpuri and Thanwi both later explicitly mentioned this in their defense of themselves and other Deobandi figures. Secondly, there is a valid ‘difference of opinion’ about the unbelief of such words, for ‘even if weak’ in the above Hanafi text means, according to commentator Ibn ‘Abidin, ‘even if the difference in opinion is found only in another school (madhhab) of jurisprudence’ (Radd al-muhtar, 3.289). As we have seen, a difference of opinion does exist in another school, namely the position of the Shafi’i Imam Subki that one must give ‘due consideration to the intention behind that which gives offense’ (al-Sayf al-maslul (c00), 135)- that is, even when offense has been given. In this instance, ‘due consideration’ means that if it is possible that Deobandi scholars intended something besides insult to the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace)- for example, a heated rebuttal of supposed innovation (bid’a)- this legally prevents the judgment of kufr against them. The sahih hadiths we have cited above show how strong this position of Subki’s is, for the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) was in one instance reproved by an upset wife with the words ‘I don’t see but that your Lord rushes to fulfill your own whims’ (Bukhari, 6:147:4788); in another, accused of favoritism by those who said, ‘May Allah forgive the Messenger of Allah: he gives to Quraysh and neglects us’ (Bukhari, 4.114:3147); and in another, actually seized and choked by a bedouin demanding charity (Burkhari, 40 4.115:3149)- none of which did he consider a deliberate offense or kufr, because each was interpretable as an unintentional insult. It is also noteworthy that in each of these instances, the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) with instinctive compassion and wisdom gave due consideration to the emotional states that pushed people beyond the ordinary bounds of adab or manners with him. The vehemence of Deobandi writers ‘defending Islam against shirk,’ however misplaced, plainly affected the way they spoke about the Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and give him peace). The above hadiths suggest that due consideration should be given to the emotions aroused by the ‘fatwa wars’ of their times, just as the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) gave consideration to people’s emotions 89 .” This analysis is only convincing to a layman that has never read Imam Ahmed Raza’s fatawa, such as Husam al-Haramayn and Tamheedul Iman. What follows is their “affected speech” or verbal abuse against Allah and His Beloved Prophet . 89 Download 147.37 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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