Table 4.
Descriptive Statistics of Variable (Up: Developing Countries; Down: Developed Countries).
Variables
Coefficient
t-Value
p-Value
R-Squared
x
1
−
0.340
−
3.76
0.000
0.7617
x
2
0.865
7.79
0.000
x
3
−
0.150
−
1.33
0.187
x
4
0.427
3.36
0.000
x
5
−
0.912
−
10.04
0.000
x
6
−
0.467
−
4.38
0.000
x
7
−
0.323
−
6.56
0.000
x
8
0.713
8.58
0.000
x
9
−
0.161
−
2.71
0.008
Table 5.
Multiple Linear Regression Coefficients for Developed Countries.
Variables
Coefficient
t-Value
p-Value
R-Squared
x
1
0.723
8.27
0.000
0.8054
x
2
0.629
11.79
0.000
x
3
−
0.923
−
8.83
0.000
x
4
−
0.174
−
2.73
0.007
x
5
−
0.020
−
0.34
0.733
x
6
0.082
0.84
0.401
x
7
−
0.825
−
15.08
0.000
x
8
−
1.036
−
12.81
0.000
x
9
0.339
4.52
0.000
According to Table
4
, in developing countries, significant positive correlations have
been found between LE per capita and urbanization rate (Coefficient = 0.865, p = 0.001), to-
tal public expenditures on education as a percentage of GDP (Coefficient = 0.427, p = 0.001),
and fertilizer consumption (Coefficient = 0.713, p = 0.001). At the same time, signifi-
cant negative correlations have been found between LE per capita and GDP per capita
(Coefficient =
−
0.340, p = 0.001), Gini coefficient (Coefficient =
−
0.912, p = 0.001), average
annual exposure to PM
2.5
(Coefficient =
−
0.467, p = 0.001), CO
2
emissions (Coefficient
=
−
0.323, p = 0.001), and forest area as a percentage of land area (Coefficient =
−
0.161,
p
= 0.008). No significant correlation has been found between LE per capita and current
healthcare expenditures per capita (p = 0.187).
According to Table
5
, in developed countries, significant positive correlations have
been found between LE per capita and GDP per capita (Coefficient = 0.723, p = 0.001), urban-
ization rate (Coefficient = 0.629, p = 0.001), and forest area as a percentage of land area (Co-
efficient = 0.339, p = 0.001). Meanwhile, significant negative correlations have been found
between LE per capita and current healthcare expenditures per capita (Coefficient =
−
0.923,
p
= 0.001), CO
2
emissions (Coefficient =
−
0.825, p = 0.001), fertilizer consumption (Coeffi-
cient =
−
1.036, p = 0.001), and total public expenditures on education as a percentage of
GDP (Coefficient =
−
0.174, p = 0.007). No significant correlation has been found between
LE per capita and the Gini coefficient (p = 0.733) and the average annual exposure to PM
2.5
(0.401).
From Figures
1
and
2
, it is possible to ascertain whether correlation coefficients are
the correct tool to summarize the relationships. In addition, Figure
1
shows the correla-
tion coefficients of 12 variables in developing countries. Figure
2
shows the correlation
coefficients of 12 variables in developed countries.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021
, 18, 8559
12 of 18
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