In Vivo Dosimetry using Plastic Scintillation Detectors for External Beam Radiation Therapy
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In Vivo Dosimetry using Plastic Scintillation Detectors for Exter
2.5 Challenges of In Vivo Dosimetry
The potential benefits of in vivo dosimetry are clear, but its routine practice is rare. When in vivo dosimetry is performed, it is largely limited to special circumstances such as total body irradiation (to identify areas receiving too little radiation for local boosts), the treatment of pregnant patients, or the treatment of patients with implantable cardiac devices. A large majority of radiation therapy patients do not receive in vivo dosimetry in any form. In light of the clear benefits, it is obvious that there are obstacles to implementing in vivo dosimetry. The main obstacle is the labor intensive nature of in vivo dosimetry relative to the perceived benefits. The feasibility of implementing routine in vivo dosimetry has been much debated in the literature lately (Harrison and Morgan 2007, Williams and McKenzie 2008). Routine in vivo dosimetry would be costly, primarily in terms of the time required of staff to properly implement it (Edwards et al. 2007, Munro 2007). This includes the time required to prepare detectors, the time required to perform the measurements, and the time to analyze the data. Given that data from countries where misadministration reporting is mandatory indicates that severe incidents are rare (The Royal College of Radiologists 2008), the cost of preventing one major incident is potentially huge. 21 A significant portion of the resistance to in vivo dosimetry stems from the fact that detectors typically used for in vivo dosimetry have a variety of drawbacks that either make their use labor intensive and/or limit their usefulness (Mijnheer et al. 2013). An ideal detector should be largely independent of the need for correction factors so it will be easy to use. Real-time feedback is highly desirable in order to detect treatment deviations as soon as possible to mitigate any harm done. Finally, an ideal detector should not need to be replaced or recalibrated often in the interest of time. The detectors that are commonly used for in vivo dosimetry do not meet all of these requirements. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and optically stimulated luminescent detectors (OSLDs) cannot be used for real time measurement (and will therefore detect problems well after they occur), they require a number of correction factors to achieve high accuracy, can only be read out with expensive dedicated machinery, and are labor intensive (DeWerd et al. 2009). Diodes are capable of real time dosimetry with high spatial resolution, but are sensitive to a number of conditions such as energy, orientation, and temperature, and exhibit a significant loss of signal over time due to radiation damage (Saini and Zhu 2007a, 2007b). MOSFETS are similar to diodes in that they are capable of real time operation, but are sensitive to energy, orientation, temperature and generally have shorter useful lifetimes than diodes (Jornet et al. 2004, IAEA 2013). The shorter lifetime is a particularly limiting factor as the continual calibration of new detectors requires a significant time investment. Download 2.07 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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