In Vivo Dosimetry using Plastic Scintillation Detectors for External Beam Radiation Therapy
APPENDIX A – Derivation of Approximate Energy Level Spacing via the Free Electron
Download 2.07 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
In Vivo Dosimetry using Plastic Scintillation Detectors for Exter
APPENDIX
A – Derivation of Approximate Energy Level Spacing via the Free Electron Perimeter Model The pi-bonds parallel to the plane of an aromatic hydrocarbon allow electrons to move freely along the perimeter of the molecule. If the perimeter of the molecule is approximated as a circle, the wavefunction of the electrons must satisfy the following relationship: 𝜓𝜓(𝜃𝜃) = 𝜓𝜓(𝜃𝜃 + 2π) (A.1) where θ is the angular position of an electron along the circle. This simply means that the wavefunction can take only one value at a given point on the circle. The wavefunction must therefore be either periodic or constant. Equation A.2 satisfies this requirement: 𝜓𝜓(𝜃𝜃) = 𝐶𝐶 ∙ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (A.2) In this equation q is a quantum number to allow any periodicity and C is a normalization constant. The energy levels, E, associated with this wavefunction can be obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation, 𝐸𝐸𝜓𝜓 = 𝐻𝐻𝜓𝜓, where H is the Hamiltonian operator. If the circle is assumed to be equipotential, the only term in the Hamiltonian is the kinetic energy. When this Hamiltonian is expressed using quantum mechanical operators in angular coordinates, the Schrödinger equation becomes: 𝐸𝐸𝜓𝜓 = −ℏ 2 2𝑚𝑚 1 𝑟𝑟 2 𝜕𝜕 2 𝜓𝜓 𝜕𝜕𝜃𝜃 2 (A.3) The differential on the right side can be evaluated to determine the energy levels. 109 𝜕𝜕 2 𝜓𝜓 𝜕𝜕𝜃𝜃 2 = 𝜕𝜕 2 𝜕𝜕𝜃𝜃 2 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (A.4) = −𝑞𝑞 2 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (A.5) = −𝑞𝑞 2 𝜓𝜓 (A.6) Substituting this into equation A.3 gives the final expression (note that 𝜓𝜓 cancels out): 𝐸𝐸 = ℏ 2 𝑞𝑞 2 2𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 2 (A.7) With this equation in hand, consider benzene. Benzene has six pi electrons. Since each electron can take on one of two spin values and can move in one of two directions around the perimeter of the molecule (for states with q > 0), each state with q > 0 is doubly degenerate, and the q = 0 state is singly degenerate (Birks 1964). The lowest energy configuration consists of two electrons occupying q = 0, and four electrons occupying q = 1. This is the base state of the molecule. Excitation of a pi electron from q = 1 to q = 2 corresponds to the first excited state of the molecule (S 1 in figure 2.3). De-excitation is responsible for scintillation. If the electron mass and approximate radius of benzene are substituted into equation A.7 for q = 1 and q = 2, the difference in the calculated energies is 6.4 eV. This is close to the actual transition energy of 4.8 eV despite the simplifying assumptions made. 110 |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling