Incorporated indigenous people into a European-dominated political and economic system. Incorporated indigenous people into a European-dominated political and economic system


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Incorporated indigenous people into a European-dominated political and economic system.

  • Incorporated indigenous people into a European-dominated political and economic system.

  • Exploitation of indigenous people

  • Mestizaje

  • Spanish political institutions (centralization) and Catholicism shaped colonial history and political/cultural practices that came with independence.

  • Experience of La Reconquista shaped Spain’s behavior in New World



Function of poor colonial administration; the Enlightenment; and the Napoleonic Wars

  • Function of poor colonial administration; the Enlightenment; and the Napoleonic Wars

  • Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, and Padre Hidalgo were leaders of independence

  • Compared to Canada, the United States, and India, the former Spanish empire did not create governmental systems that promoted individual liberty and rights.

  • Why?



No constitutional tradition

  • No constitutional tradition

  • Opposition by the Church

  • Foreign interference

  • Caudillo rule



Popular discontent started revolution in 1810—conservative completed it in 1821.

  • Popular discontent started revolution in 1810—conservative completed it in 1821.

  • Aristocratic Republic created at end of revolution

  • Overthrown by Caudillos—Santa Anna as virtual dictator from 1833 to 1855

  • La Reforma led by Benito Juarez failed due to internal opposition and foreign intervention

  • Porfirio Diaz (1877-1880; 1884-1911) pursued development but impoverished his people.

  • “Poor Mexico, so far from God; so close to the United States.”

  • Revolution of 1910 resulted in an extremely liberal constitution (1917) which was ignored in practice.



Much opposition to Porfirio Diaz

  • Much opposition to Porfirio Diaz

  • Liberals led by Francisco I. Madero wanted to topple Diaz to prevent more radical elements from seizing power.

  • Madero compelled Diaz to resign following 1910 election.

  • More radical reformers, such as Emilio Zapata, wanted true land reform. Z. abandoned Madero when reforms were not forthcoming.

  • Z. crafted Plan de Ayala and mobilized his Ejercito Libertador del Sur.

  • Madero was murdered by General Huerta, who seized power as Mexico’s president.

  • Henry Lane Wilson, the U. S. ambassador, conspired in the murder fearing the Madero was too radical.



Woodrow Wilson attempted to oust Huerta in favor of Venustiano Carranza.

  • Woodrow Wilson attempted to oust Huerta in favor of Venustiano Carranza.

  • Zapata attempted to get Carranza to support the Plan de Ayala.

  • Carranza placed a bounty on Zapata’s head and Z. was assassinated by General Guajardo in 1919.

  • Z. continues to be a symbol for reformers, especially those championing the rights of indigenous people.

  • Pancho Villa slew gringos to invite U. S. invasion to discredit Carranza.

  • Mexico continued to have political instability until the 1930s.











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